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<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>

<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>

'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]],[[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]],[[Anumana pramana|Anumana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.

'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]], [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]], [[Pramana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.

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