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grammar
<p style="text-align:justify;">According to Sanskrit grammar (Vyakarana Shastra), Nyaya is defined as a way of going towards the real meaning. "Nyaya" word is derived from the combination of 'Ni' Upasarga +'in' Dhatu +('घय्') suffix (pratyaya) in various Sanskrit dictionaries; "Nyaya" word has been defined in various definitions and synonyms. These definitions are mentioned below:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">According to Sanskrit grammar (Vyakarana Shastra), Nyaya is defined as a way of going towards the real meaning. "Nyaya" word is derived from the combination of 'Ni' Upasarga +'in' Dhatu +('घय्') suffix (pratyaya) in various Sanskrit dictionaries; "Nyaya" word has been defined in various definitions and synonyms. These definitions are mentioned below:</p>
=== Definitions: ===
=== Definitions ===
<ol><li>Niyamena iyate iti (नियमेन इयते इति न्यायः।)-Nyaya is that which has rules.[Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref1">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref>, [Halayudhakosha]<ref name="ref2">Jayshanker Shastri, Halayudhakosha (A Sanskrit Dictionary), Reprint ed. Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Samsthan;1993;403.</ref></li>
<ol><li>Niyamena iyate iti (नियमेन इयते इति न्यायः।)-Nyaya is that which has rules.[Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref1">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref>, [Halayudhakosha]<ref name="ref2">Jayshanker Shastri, Halayudhakosha (A Sanskrit Dictionary), Reprint ed. Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Samsthan;1993;403.</ref></li>
<li>Niyante prapyante vivakshitartha yen iti (नीयन्ते प्राप्यन्ते विवक्षितार्थाः येनेति न्यायः ।)- Nyaya is that by which the defined meanings are provided and attained. [Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref3">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref></li>
<li>Niyante prapyante vivakshitartha yen iti (नीयन्ते प्राप्यन्ते विवक्षितार्थाः येनेति न्यायः ।)- Nyaya is that by which the defined meanings are provided and attained. [Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref3">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref></li>
<li>Nishchitamiyate nirnayate anena iti nyaya (निश्चितमीयते निर्णयते अनेन इति न्यायः । )- the nyaya is that which is determined and decided by something [Vachaspatyam]<ref name="ref7">Trakavachaspati T. Vachaspatyam (A Comprehensive Sanskrit Dictionary) Vol. – V. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office;2003;4155- 4171.</ref></li></ol>
<li>Nishchitamiyate nirnayate anena iti nyaya (निश्चितमीयते निर्णयते अनेन इति न्यायः । )- the nyaya is that which is determined and decided by something [Vachaspatyam]<ref name="ref7">Trakavachaspati T. Vachaspatyam (A Comprehensive Sanskrit Dictionary) Vol. – V. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office;2003;4155- 4171.</ref></li></ol>
=== Synonyms: ===
=== Synonyms ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">Naya, neeta, neetisadhane, upaye, satayanjane, nirnaya, jayajaya mukti, jayopayamukti, bhoga, neeti</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Naya, neeta, neetisadhane, upaye, satayanjane, nirnaya, jayajaya mukti, jayopayamukti, bhoga, neeti</p>
|style="text-align:center;"|13.
|style="text-align:center;"|13.
|Bhuyovirodheswalpamanyayam
|Bhuyovirodheswalpamanyayam
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Sutrasthan 14/16-19,
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/16-19,
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|A list of contraindicated patients & diseases is stated using this nyaya.
|A list of contraindicated patients & diseases is stated using this nyaya.
Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/51, and Cha. Sa Nidana Sthana 8/43-44, Cha. Sha. 1/28, Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/8, Cha. Chi. 15/15,
Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/51, and Cha. Sa Nidana Sthana 8/43-44, Cha. Sha. 1/28, Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/8, Cha. Chi. 15/15,
Gangadhara Roy commentary on Cha. Sa. Nidan Sthana 1/8,
Gangadhara Roy commentary on Cha. Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/3,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/3,
Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 16/10, Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 6/20, Su. Uttartantra. 52/6, Gayadasa commentary on Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 13/1, Su. Sa Uttara Tantra. 39/182-184,
Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 16/10, Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 6/20, Su. Uttar tantra. 52/6, Gayadasa commentary on Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 13/1, Su. Sa Uttara Tantra. 39/182-184,
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|style="text-align:center;"|13
|This nyaya is more elaborate at each place. The exact definition itself explains the whole about it.
|This nyaya is more elaborate at each place. The exact definition itself explains the whole about it.
|style="text-align:center;"|22.
|style="text-align:center;"|22.
|Durgruhita-Sugruhita Nyaya
|Durgruhita-Sugruhita Nyaya
|Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/49,
|Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/49
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|In the case of abudh/fool, ill-favored weapons & science become debilitating. Well-armed weapons & knowledge protect the wise man. The commentators have mentioned the defects of bad knowledge & the merits of good knowledge.
|In the case of abudh/fool, ill-favored weapons & science become debilitating. Well-armed weapons & knowledge protect the wise man. The commentators have mentioned the defects of bad knowledge & the merits of good knowledge.
|Gangadhara Roy
|Gangadhara Roy
Commentary on Cha. Sa Sutrasthan 5/1, Cha. Sa Vimansthan 8/87,
Commentary on Cha. Sa Sutra Sthana 5/1, Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/87,
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|Vimansthan 8/87 states about the karan i.e. medicine given to the patient according to the cause of disease.
|Vimansthan 8/87 states about the karan i.e. medicine given to the patient according to the cause of disease.
|style="text-align:center;"|63.
|style="text-align:center;"|63.
|Tailapatradhara AWaya
|Tailapatradhara AWaya
|Ch. Sa Sharirsthan 8/22,
|Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/22,
Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/3-5,
Su. Sa Chikitsasthan 39/24,
Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 39/24,
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|In sharir sthan, acharya charak explains the preventive measures for pregnant women compared with oil-filled vessels.
|In sharir sthan, acharya charak explains the preventive measures for pregnant women compared with oil-filled vessels.
|style="text-align:center;"|64.
|style="text-align:center;"|64.
|Takra-kaindinya Nyaya
|Takra-kaindinya Nyaya
|Hemadri commentary on A. H. Sutrasthan 4/5-6,
|Hemadri commentary on A. H. Sutra Sthana 4/5-6,
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|Mala veg dharan chikitsa is explained using this Nyaya.
|Mala veg dharan chikitsa is explained using this Nyaya.
|style="text-align:center;"|66.
|style="text-align:center;"|66.
|Trina Arani Mani AWaya
|Trina Arani Mani AWaya
|Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha. Sa Sutrasthan 10/5,
|Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha. Sa Sutra Sthana 10/5,
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|Treatment of curable diseases can be done properly only by one good physician.
|Treatment of curable diseases can be done properly only by one good physician.
|style="text-align:center;"|68.
|style="text-align:center;"|68.
|Utsarga-Apavada Nyaya
|Utsarga-Apavada Nyaya
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Siddhisthan. 27/309,
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 27/309,
Cha. Sa Vimansthan 1/16,
Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 1/16,
Cha. Sa Vimansthan 8/134,
Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/134,
Cha. Sa Sharirsthan 8/51,
Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/51,
Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 1/3/55-58,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/3/55-58,
Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 3/139-140,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/139-140,
Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 5/29,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/29,
Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 6/56,
Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/56,
Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 15/94-95, Cha. Sa Siddhisthan 2/24-28, Dalhana commentary on su sa sutrasthan 12/5, Su. Sa Su. 45/6, su. Sa Chikitsasthan 2/32-33, su. Sa Chikitsasthan 3/5, su. Sa Chikitsasthan 35/21,
Cha. Sa Chikitsa Sthan 15/94-95, Cha. Sa Siddhi Sthana 2/24-28, Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/5, Su. Sa Su. 45/6, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/32-33, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/5, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/21,
Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sutrasthan 6/64, Hemadri commentary on
Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sutra Sthana 6/64, Hemadri commentary on
A. H. Sutrasthan 10/35,
A. H. Sutrasthan 10/35,
|style="text-align:center;"|69.
|style="text-align:center;"|69.
|Utpala-Shatapatra- Vedhini Nyaya
|Utpala-Shatapatra- Vedhini Nyaya
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Sutrasthan 8/5, Dalhana commentary on su. Sa sutrasthan 28/4-5,
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Sutra Sthana 8/5,
Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/4-5
Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sharirsthan 3/62-63,
Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sharira Sthana 3/62-63
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|When a hundred lotus petals are stacked one on top of another & pierced with a sharp needle, it feels as if all the petals are pierced at once. The same thing is happening with a mind as it thinks of multiple things at once.
|When a hundred lotus petals are stacked one on top of another & pierced with a sharp needle, it feels as if all the petals are pierced at once. The same thing is happening with a mind as it thinks of multiple things at once.
|style="text-align:center;"|70.
|style="text-align:center;"|70.
|Visha-Krimi Nyaya
|Visha-Krimi Nyaya
|Su. Sa Sharirsthan 4/79,
|Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/79
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|The human body consists of/ made with 5 natural components (bhumi, aksha, agni, aap, vayu). That is called panchbhautik sharir. The concept is explained using this Nyaya.
|The human body consists of/ made with 5 natural components (bhumi, aksha, agni, aap, vayu). That is called panchbhautik sharir. The concept is explained using this Nyaya.