Changes

----The advancement in technology led to development of many anthropometric tools. Some of them are as follows:  

----The advancement in technology led to development of many anthropometric tools. Some of them are as follows:  

'''1.     Anthropometer:''' Anthropometer measures vertical dimensions of the human body. The instrument consists of three aluminium square profiles and a double-sided measuring system with a reading scale. The long axis of the instrument is mounted with a telescopic round sleeve with a double-sided groove that features a dimension reading index. The sleeve is mounted with a sliding needle, whose tip is applied to the appropriate anthropometric point.

'''1.  Anthropometer:''' Anthropometer measures vertical dimensions of the human body. The instrument consists of three aluminium square profiles and a double-sided measuring system with a reading scale. The long axis of the instrument is mounted with a telescopic round sleeve with a double-sided groove that features a dimension reading index. The sleeve is mounted with a sliding needle, whose tip is applied to the appropriate anthropometric point.

'''2.     Spreading Caliper:''' Spreading Caliper is used to measure dimensions of the head and selected body width or depth dimensions in children (e.g. biacromial width, biiliocristal width, bispinal width, bitrochanteric width, transverse width of chest, biepicondylar width of humerus, biepicondylar width of femur).  

'''2.  Spreading Caliper:''' Spreading Caliper is used to measure dimensions of the head and selected body width or depth dimensions in children (e.g. biacromial width, biiliocristal width, bispinal width, bitrochanteric width, transverse width of chest, biepicondylar width of humerus, biepicondylar width of femur).  

'''3.     Pelvimeter:'''  Pelvimeter used for measuring the width and depth dimensions of the adult population.

'''3.  Pelvimeter:'''  Pelvimeter used for measuring the width and depth dimensions of the adult population.

'''4.     Modified  Thoracometer:'''The instrument primarily serves for easy determination of the length of the foot. While measuring the foot length, the subject stands with his/her feet slightly apart, with the weight distributed evenly on both legs. The axis of the instrument is parallel to the inner edge of the foot, the bent toes need to be pressed against the floor.

'''4.  Modified  Thoracometer:'''The instrument primarily serves for easy determination of the length of the foot. While measuring the foot length, the subject stands with his/her feet slightly apart, with the weight distributed evenly on both legs. The axis of the instrument is parallel to the inner edge of the foot, the bent toes need to be pressed against the floor.

'''5.      Small height rod:'''This instrument is primarily designated to determine selectedvertical dimensions of the lower extremity (e.g. sphyrion height).

'''5.  Small height rod:'''This instrument is primarily designated to determine selectedvertical dimensions of the lower extremity (e.g. sphyrion height).

'''6.     Sliding Caliper:'''This instrument is designed to determine selected dimensions of the head (e.g. morphological facial height, nasal height and width, the distance between the inner/outer eye corners, lower jaw height, mouth width, hand width, foot width, etc. The rounded ends serve for measurements carried out on live bodies, while the sharp ends are used for determining the dimensions of skeletal material.

'''6.  Sliding Caliper:'''This instrument is designed to determine selected dimensions of the head (e.g. morphological facial height, nasal height and width, the distance between the inner/outer eye corners, lower jaw height, mouth width, hand width, foot width, etc. The rounded ends serve for measurements carried out on live bodies, while the sharp ends are used for determining the dimensions of skeletal material.

'''7.      Caliper:'''This instrument measures skinfold thickness. The instrument has two arms, of which one is  calibrated scale. The base of this arm features a circular opening for the index or middle finger. The other (sliding) arm with a slot for measurement of the skinfold thickness has a base with a larger circular opening for the thumb.

'''7.  Caliper:'''This instrument measures skinfold thickness. The instrument has two arms, of which one is  calibrated scale. The base of this arm features a circular opening for the index or middle finger. The other (sliding) arm with a slot for measurement of the skinfold thickness has a base with a larger circular opening for the thumb.

'''8.     Soft metric tape:'''This tool is used for measuring girth dimensions.

'''8.  Soft metric tape:'''This tool is used for measuring girth dimensions.

===Importance of concept===

===Importance of concept===

*Pramanataha pariksha is helpful in identification of four (too tall, too dwarf, too fat or too emaciated) among eight of the undesirable constituents. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/3] A person aspiring good health shall make possible efforts to reach close to the standards measurements. For example, reducing weight for an obese person is possible by suitable diet and exercise. However, increasing height of a dwarf adult or decreasing height in tall person is not possible by medical management.  

*Pramanataha pariksha is helpful in identification of four (too tall, too dwarf, too fat or too emaciated) among eight of the undesirable constituents. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/3] A person aspiring good health shall make possible efforts to reach close to the standards measurements. For example, reducing weight for an obese person is possible by suitable diet and exercise. However, increasing height of a dwarf adult or decreasing height in tall person is not possible by medical management.  

*Pramanatah pariksha is helpful in determining Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). The normal range for BMI is 19–24·9 kg/, overweight is 25–29·9 kg/ , and obesity ≥ 30 kg/ .[i]

*Pramanatah pariksha is helpful in determining Basal Metabolic Index (BMI). The normal range for BMI is 19–24·9 kg/, overweight is 25–29·9 kg/ , and obesity ≥ 30 kg/ <ref>Xavier Pi-Sunyer, F. (2000). Obesity: Criteria and classification. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 59(4), 505-509. doi:10.1017/S0029665100000732</ref>

====In relation to anthropometry====

====In relation to anthropometry====

2.    The length from the tip of the thumb to the interphalangeal joint = ≈3.5 cm

2.    The length from the tip of the thumb to the interphalangeal joint = ≈3.5 cm

3.    The length from the tip of the thumb to the metacarpophalangeal joint = ≈6.5 cm.[ii]

3.    The length from the tip of the thumb to the metacarpophalangeal joint = ≈6.5 cm.<ref>Frey, Jordan & Zide, Barry. (2020). Ten Tips Based on Anatomy and Design to Refine Face and Neck Lift Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. Publish Ahead of Print. 1. 10.1097/GOX.0000000000002791.</ref>

Each surgeon should check these distances on his or her hand to know exactly what each landmark represents.

Each surgeon should check these distances on his or her hand to know exactly what each landmark represents.

'''3:''' A measurement of 3 fingers from the anterior tip of the mandible to the anterior neck estimates the volume of the submandibular space.

'''3:''' A measurement of 3 fingers from the anterior tip of the mandible to the anterior neck estimates the volume of the submandibular space.

'''2:''' A measurement of 2 fingers between the floor of the mandible and the thyroid notch on the anterior neck determines the location of the larynx relative to the base of the tongue.[iii]

'''2:''' A measurement of 2 fingers between the floor of the mandible and the thyroid notch on the anterior neck determines the location of the larynx relative to the base of the tongue.<ref>Sharma S, Patel R, Hashmi MF, et al. 3-3-2 Rule. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493235/</nowiki></ref>

====In diagnosis and prognosis====

====In diagnosis and prognosis====

1.     Anguli pramana as a tool for assessment of health status with reference to body mass index (B.M.I.):

1.     Anguli pramana as a tool for assessment of health status with reference to body mass index (B.M.I.):

An observational study for correlation between anguli pramana and BMI was carried out on 30 healthy individuals between age group 18-55 years from Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Dehradun. In this study, it was observed that if the health status of an individual was altered, either in terms of increased or decreased figures of BMI, then their swa-anguli pramana deviated from standard values of mentioned swa-anguli pramana. [iv]

An observational study for correlation between anguli pramana and BMI was carried out on 30 healthy individuals between age group 18-55 years from Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Dehradun. In this study, it was observed that if the health status of an individual was altered, either in terms of increased or decreased figures of BMI, then their swa-anguli pramana deviated from standard values of mentioned swa-anguli pramana.<ref>Bahuguna M, Vaidh S. Anguli Pramana as a Tool for Assessment of Health Status w.r.t. BMI. WJPR. 2022 Apr;11(5):2083-2089. doi: 10.20959/wjpr20225-23931. ISSN 2277– 7105.</ref>

2.     Scientific study of Charakokta anguli pramana in reference to human height:

2.     Scientific study of Charakokta anguli pramana in reference to human height:

In this study, anthropometric measurements by finger were taken and exact site of particular finger in a manner to execute “anguli sthana nishchiti” (demarcation points for measurement by anguli pramana) was determined. The data of aayama (height) and vistaara (arm span) of the 100 volunteers was recorded and statistically analysed. After comparing the anguli pramana obtained at 78 different sites of both hands, it was established that measurement of anguli pramana at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right and left hand, would be most accurate in estimating anguli pramana. [v]

In this study, anthropometric measurements by finger were taken and exact site of particular finger in a manner to execute “anguli sthana nishchiti” (demarcation points for measurement by anguli pramana) was determined. The data of aayama (height) and vistaara (arm span) of the 100 volunteers was recorded and statistically analysed. After comparing the anguli pramana obtained at 78 different sites of both hands, it was established that measurement of anguli pramana at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right and left hand, would be most accurate in estimating anguli pramana.<ref>Muley SK, Surve AA, Bhingare SD. Scientific study of Charakokta Anguli Pramana in reference to human height. Ayu. 2013 Oct;34(4):356-60. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.127709. PMID: 24696571; PMCID: PMC3968696.</ref>

3.    Anguli pramana in ayurveda - a method of measurement in ancient times:

3.    Anguli pramana in ayurveda - a method of measurement in ancient times:

This study directed that anguli pramana measurement should be done at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right or left hand. [vi]

This study directed that anguli pramana measurement should be done at the site of medio-lateral proximal interphalangeal joint of middle finger of right or left hand.<ref>Dr. Radheshyam Sharma. (2020). Anguli Pramana in Ayurveda - A method of measurement in Ancient time. ''Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences'', ''5''(01), 122-125. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v5i01.825</nowiki></ref>

4.    Concept of anguli pramana sharira and importance in Ayurveda:

4.    Concept of anguli pramana sharira and importance in Ayurveda:

The author translates the ayurveda terminologies of demarcation points for describing pramanatah pariksha in ayurveda texts into modern anatomical terminologies. [vii] Some of these are:

The author translates the ayurveda terminologies of demarcation points for describing pramanatah pariksha in ayurveda texts into modern anatomical terminologies.<ref>Mishra B. Concept of Anguli Pramana Sharir and Importance in Ayurveda. IJIRMF 2016 July;3(7):279-281. ISSN – 2455-0620</ref> Some of these are:

*    Shira (heads circumference) the maximum distance round the head with the tape placed above the eyebrow ridges and positioned over the greatest posterior projection at the back of the head.

*    Shira (heads circumference) the maximum distance round the head with the tape placed above the eyebrow ridges and positioned over the greatest posterior projection at the back of the head.