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<p style="text-align:justify;">‘Viruddha’ means incompatible, opposite or unwholesome or which is harmful for the [[Sharira|body]] or [[Dhatu|dhatu (body-tissue)]]. It possesses opposite qualities compared to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and vitiates them, leading to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or complications. The concept of viruddha is broadly explained in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. Viruddha ashana (intake of unwholesome food or diet) is mentioned as a causative factor for various [[Vyadhi|diseases]], especially [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), erysipelas (visarpa), psychiatric diseases like insanity (unmada) etc. In the context of agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment), in Charak Samhita, intake of viruddha ahara is the foremost causative factor for nindita vyadhi (wretched diseases like [[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]). [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40]  <br/>In modern time, knowingly or unknowingly unwholesome combinations of food, faulty diet/junk foods, or processed/packed food are consumed. This produces ill effects on the [[Sharira|body]], such as allergies, food toxicities, etc. The cases of food incompatibility and food-food interactions, food-drug interactions are increasing. Therefore, a need to understand the concept of viruddha has risen to know measures for preserving health. The [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]] about what to eat and what is to be avoided; what type of food can be combined or taken together and what not; are important to prevent [[Vyadhi|diseases]] too. Faulty dietary habits can be corrected and incompatibility with ill effects can be prevented by knowing concept of viruddha. This chapter describes concept of viruddha, its practices and its effects on health. </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">‘Viruddha’ means incompatible, opposite or unwholesome or which is harmful for the [[Sharira|body]] or [[Dhatu|dhatu (body-tissue)]]. It possesses opposite qualities compared to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and vitiates them, leading to various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or complications. The concept of viruddha is broadly explained in [[Ayurveda|ayurveda]]. Viruddha ashana (intake of unwholesome food or diet) is mentioned as a causative factor for various [[Vyadhi|diseases]], especially [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), [[Visarpa Chikitsa|erysipelas (visarpa)]], psychiatric diseases like insanity ([[Unmada Chikitsa|unmada]]) etc. In the context of agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment), in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]], intake of viruddha ahara is the foremost causative factor for nindita [[Vyadhi|vyadhi]] (wretched diseases like [[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]  <br/>In modern time, knowingly or unknowingly unwholesome combinations of food, faulty diet/junk foods, or processed/packed food are consumed. This produces ill effects on the [[Sharira|body]], such as allergies, food toxicities, etc. The cases of food incompatibility and food-food interactions, food-drug interactions are increasing. Therefore, a need to understand the concept of viruddha has risen to know measures for preserving health. The [[Ahara vidhi|dietary guidelines]] about what to eat and what is to be avoided; what type of food can be combined or taken together and what not; are important to prevent [[Vyadhi|diseases]] too. Faulty dietary habits can be corrected and incompatibility with ill effects can be prevented by knowing concept of viruddha. This chapter describes concept of viruddha, its practices and its effects on health. </p>

{{Infobox  

{{Infobox  

== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">The word ‘viruddha’ is originated from the Panini root word “Rudhir Avarani” by applying the prefix “Vi”. Thus, the word Viruddha means one which specifically obstructs, opposes or resists. The unwholesome or opposite food and practices that are opposite to the normal [[Dhatu|dhatu]] or [[Sharira|body]] physiology is ‘viruddha’.  Diet which dislodges dosha within the [[Sharira|body]] but does not expel them out of the [[Sharira|body]] are termed as ‘viruddha’ /ahita (unwholesome). [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/85] Every dravya (substance/drugs) is ‘viruddha’ which provokes the dosha, but does not eliminate them outside the [[Sharira|body]]. [A. H. Sutra Sthana 7/45-46] Viruddha ahara means the incompatibility of foods / food substances.  </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">The word ‘viruddha’ is originated from the Panini root word “Rudhir Avarani” by applying the prefix “Vi”. Thus, the word Viruddha means one which specifically obstructs, opposes or resists. The unwholesome or opposite food and practices that are opposite to the normal [[Dhatu|dhatu]] or [[Sharira|body]] physiology is ‘viruddha’.  Diet which dislodges dosha within the [[Sharira|body]] but does not expel them out of the [[Sharira|body]] are termed as ‘viruddha’ /ahita (unwholesome). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/85] Every dravya (substance/drugs) is ‘viruddha’ which provokes the dosha, but does not eliminate them outside the [[Sharira|body]]. [A. H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 7/45-46] Viruddha ahara means the incompatibility of foods / food substances.  </p>

== Types ==

== Types ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">Some food items are unwholesome individually or in combinations for the dosha as well as [[Dhatu|dhatu]] of the [[Sharira|body]]. Whereas some of them are unwholesome due to their contradictory qualities. Some by their combination, some by their preparation methods, some by their desha (geographical area or by [[Sharira|body]] type), kala (time), matra (dose) and some by their swabhava (inherent nature). [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/81] Mainly, eighteen types of viruddha are mentioned in Charak Samhita as follows: [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/86-101] </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">Some food items are unwholesome individually or in combinations for the dosha as well as [[Dhatu|dhatu]] of the [[Sharira|body]]. Whereas some of them are unwholesome due to their contradictory qualities. Some by their combination, some by their preparation methods, some by their desha (geographical area or by [[Sharira|body]] type), kala (time), matra (dose) and some by their swabhava (inherent nature). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/81] Mainly, eighteen types of viruddha are mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] as follows: [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/86-101] </p>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no.1: Types of viruddha

|+Table no.1: Types of viruddha

== Common examples of viruddha ==

== Common examples of viruddha ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">Following tables show the common examples practiced in ancient social practices with their consequences on health mentioned in Charak Samhita. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/82-83] Some of these are practiced in the current era, whereas some are not. The additional examples observed in today’s society are given in the table. </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">Following tables show the common examples practiced in ancient social practices with their consequences on health mentioned in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/82-83] Some of these are practiced in the current era, whereas some are not. The additional examples observed in today’s society are given in the table. </p>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no. 2: Common examples of viruddha and the consequences

|+Table no. 2: Common examples of viruddha and the consequences

== Concept of samyoga viruddha ==

== Concept of samyoga viruddha ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">Samyoga (combination of two or more substances) viruddha means some drugs or food items will act as unwholesome when taken together or mixed. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/82-83] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]</p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">Samyoga (combination of two or more substances) viruddha means some drugs or food items will act as unwholesome when taken together or mixed. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/82-83] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/13]</p>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no. 3: Examples of Samyoga Viruddha and the logical reasons behind their incompatibility:

|+Table no. 3: Examples of Samyoga Viruddha and the logical reasons behind their incompatibility:

== Concept of rasa, virya, vipaka viruddha ==

== Concept of rasa, virya, vipaka viruddha ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on rasa (taste), virya (potency), vipaka (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/16] </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">Unique concept of viruddha combinations based on rasa (taste), virya (potency), vipaka (post digestion effect) explained in Sushruta Samhita which are as follows: [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] </p>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no. 4: Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka:

|+Table no. 4: Examples of viruddha combinations based on rasa, virya and vipaka:

== [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] caused by viruddha ahara ==

== [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] caused by viruddha ahara ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">Viruddha ahara causes toxic effects on the [[Sharira|body]]. These unwholesome food combinations produce toxins within the [[Sharira|body]], causing various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or may prove fatal. Combinations of such viruddha food sometimes produce immediate effects and sometimes act like gara visha, that produces untoward effects afterwards. [A. H. Sutra Sthana 7/29]  <br/>Intake of such unwholesome food combinations results in manifestation of many [[Vyadhi|diseases]] such as sterility, blindness, erysipelas (visarpa), ascites (jalodara), bullae (visphota), insanity (unmada), fistula in anno (bhagandara), syncope (moorcha), intoxication (mada), abdominal distension  (adhmana), goitre (galagraha), pandu (anaemia), poisoning due to ama (ama visha), vitiligo (kilasa), [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), digestive disorders (grahini gada), oedema (shotha), acid peptic diseases (amlapitta), fever (jwara), rhinitis (peenasa), genetic and hereditary diseases (santana dosha) and even death. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/102-103]  <br/>The following table shows examples of disease caused by the intake of viruddha ahara.  </p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">Viruddha ahara causes toxic effects on the [[Sharira|body]]. These unwholesome food combinations produce toxins within the [[Sharira|body]], causing various [[Vyadhi|diseases]] or may prove fatal. Combinations of such viruddha food sometimes produce immediate effects and sometimes act like gara visha, that produces untoward effects afterwards. [A. H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 7/29]  <br/>Intake of such unwholesome food combinations results in manifestation of many [[Vyadhi|diseases]] such as sterility, blindness, [[Visarpa Chikitsa|erysipelas (visarpa)]], ascites (jalodara), bullae (visphota), insanity ([[Unmada Chikitsa|unmada]]), fistula in anno (bhagandara), syncope (moorcha), intoxication (mada), abdominal distension  (adhmana), goitre (galagraha), pandu (anaemia), poisoning due to ama (ama visha), vitiligo (kilasa), [[Skin diseases in Integrative Medicine|skin diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), digestive disorders (grahini gada), oedema (shotha), acid peptic diseases (amlapitta), fever (jwara), rhinitis (peenasa), genetic and hereditary diseases (santana dosha) and even death. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/102-103]  <br/>The following table shows examples of disease caused by the intake of viruddha ahara.  </p>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:justify;"

|+Table no.5: Diseases caused by intake of viruddha ahara:  

|+Table no.5: Diseases caused by intake of viruddha ahara:  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|1  

| style="text-align:center;"|1  

|Unmada  

|[[Unmada Chikitsa|Unmada]]

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/4  

|Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/4  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|2  

| style="text-align:center;"|2  

|Visarpa  

|[[Visarpa Chikitsa|Visarpa]]

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/115  

|Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/115  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|3  

| style="text-align:center;"|3  

|[[Kushtha Chikitsa|Kushtha]]  

|[[Kushtha Chikitsa|Kushtha]]  

|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/4  

|Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/4  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|4  

| style="text-align:center;"|4  

| style="text-align:center;"|6  

| style="text-align:center;"|6  

|Arsha  

|Arsha  

|Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 2/4(4)  

|Su. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana|Nidana Sthana]] 2/4(4)  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|7  

| style="text-align:center;"|7  

|Udara roga  

|Udara roga  

|Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 2/5(5)  

|Su. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana|Nidana Sthana]] 2/5(5)  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|8  

| style="text-align:center;"|8  

|Gara visha  

|Gara visha  

|A. H. Sutra Sthana 7/29  

|A. H. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 7/29  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|9  

| style="text-align:center;"|9  

|Vatarakta  

|Vatarakta  

|A. H. Nidana Sthana 16/1  

|A. H. [[Nidana Sthana|Nidana Sthana]] 16/1  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|10  

| style="text-align:center;"|10  

|Grahini dosha  

|Grahini dosha  

|A. H. Chikitsa Sthana 10/92  

|A. H. [[Chikitsa Sthana|Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/92  

|-

|-

| style="text-align:center;"|11  

| style="text-align:center;"|11  

|Ashta mahagada (eight dreaded diseases)  

|Ashta mahagada (eight dreaded diseases)  

|A. Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/11  

|A. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 9/11  

|}

|}

== Factors deciding effect of viruddha ahara ==

== Factors deciding effect of viruddha ahara ==

<p style="text-align:justify;">If a person is habituated to the intake of such unwholesome food combinations or if taken in very little quantity, then there will be no or less adverse effect of viruddha ahara. Deeptagni (good digestive power), taruna avastha (young age), undergone oleation therapy, having strong physique due to exercise are protective factors against viruddha ahara. In presence of these factors, adverse effect of such unwholesome food combinations is not observed. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/104] So, these practices can be promoted to prevent adverse effects of viruddha ahara.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify;">If a person is habituated to the intake of such unwholesome food combinations or if taken in very little quantity, then there will be no or less adverse effect of viruddha ahara. Deeptagni (good digestive power), taruna avastha (young age), undergone oleation therapy, having strong physique due to exercise are protective factors against viruddha ahara. In presence of these factors, adverse effect of such unwholesome food combinations is not observed. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana|Sutra Sthana]] 26/104] So, these practices can be promoted to prevent adverse effects of viruddha ahara.</p>

== Importance of knowing viruddha in healthcare ==

== Importance of knowing viruddha in healthcare ==