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Srotasa (view source)

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The word ‘srotasa’ means a secretory channel for transportation and transformation of [[Sharira|body]] constituents. Every [[Sharira|body]] part has its own requirements for growth and nourishment. They are exposed to various environments. This need for various environments emphasizes on creating separate space for the development of different organs in the [[Sharira|body]]. Fulfillment of basic needs as food and excretion is done simultaneously while performing the duties as a system by establishing a network between different organs. Different types of srotasa are described for major systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. Major srotasa in the [[Sharira|body]] are classified into eleven pairs by Sushrut [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12] and thirteen gross channels by Charak. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6,7]<ref name="ref1">Dhargalkar Nandini Dilip. Sarira-Kriya-Vidnana.2nd ed.Delhi,Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisathan ;2018,pg. 332. </ref> Srotasa are the inner circulatory pathways of the [[Sharira|body]] which provides area for physiological function of general entities of the [[Sharira|body]] like [[Dosha|dosha]], [[Dhatu|~~tissue~~ (dhatu)]], ~~waste material~~ ([[Mala|mala]]). It helps in transformation and circulation of essential nutrients that support the functional entities. The word ‘srotasa’ is understood as the active inner transport system of [[Sharira|body]]-[[Manas|mind]]-[[Atma|soul]].<ref name="ref2">Verma, Vandana & Gehlot, Sangeeta. (2014). Review on concept of srotas. International journal of research in ayurveda & pharmacy. 5. 232-234. 10.7897/2277-4343.05246.</ref> This chapter describes srotasa, its physiological and pathological aspects with importance in healthcare.

+

The word ‘srotasa’ means a secretory channel for transportation and transformation of [[Sharira|body]] constituents. Every [[Sharira|body]] part has its own requirements for growth and nourishment. They are exposed to various environments. This need for various environments emphasizes on creating separate space for the development of different organs in the [[Sharira|body]]. Fulfillment of basic needs as food and excretion is done simultaneously while performing the duties as a system by establishing a network between different organs. Different types of srotasa are described for major systems of the [[Sharira|body]]. Major srotasa in the [[Sharira|body]] are classified into eleven pairs by Sushrut [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12] and thirteen gross channels by Charak. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6,7]<ref name="ref1">Dhargalkar Nandini Dilip. Sarira-Kriya-Vidnana.2nd ed.Delhi,Chaukhamba Sanskrit pratisathan ;2018,pg. 332. </ref> Srotasa are the inner circulatory pathways of the [[Sharira|body]] which provides area for physiological function of general entities of the [[Sharira|body]] like [[Dosha|dosha]], body components [[Dhatu|(dhatu)]], metabolic byproducts and wastes ([[Mala|mala]]). It helps in transformation and circulation of essential nutrients that support the functional entities. The word ‘srotasa’ is understood as the active inner transport system of [[Sharira|body]]-[[Manas|mind]]-[[Atma|soul]].<ref name="ref2">Verma, Vandana & Gehlot, Sangeeta. (2014). Review on concept of srotas. International journal of research in ayurveda & pharmacy. 5. 232-234. 10.7897/2277-4343.05246.</ref> This chapter describes srotasa, its physiological and pathological aspects with importance in healthcare.

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== Etymology ==

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The word srotasa is derived from the root (moola) “sravana” meaning to exude, to ooze, to flow of nourishing materials [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 30/12]. Literal meaning of ~~srotas~~ is “kha” or empty space, mainly they are considered as tracts, pathways, passages, artery, vein, nerve etc. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/9].

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The word srotasa is derived from the root (moola) “sravana” meaning to exude, to ooze, to flow of nourishing materials [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 30/12]. Literal meaning of srotass is “kha” or empty space, mainly they are considered as tracts, pathways, passages, artery, vein, nerve etc. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/9].

== Definition ==

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* “Sravanata srotansi” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 30/12]: The pathways that are helpful in the flow of nutritious substances in the [[Sharira|body]].

* “Sravanat rasadi srava pathatvaat srotansi” [Gangadhara commentary on [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]]]: After the digestion of food, it is converted into [[Sara|essence (sara)]] & waste material (kitta part). The srotasa are pathways through which essence ([[Sara|sara]] bhaga) is transported in the [[Sharira|body]].

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* The channels which carry the poshaka [[Dhatu|dhatu]] (the nourishing part of the [[Dhatu|dhatus]]) are called ‘srotasa’. [Chakrapani commentary on [[Charak Samhita New Edition|~~Charaka~~ Samhita]]]

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* The channels which carry the poshaka [[Dhatu|dhatu]] (the nourishing part of the [[Dhatu|dhatus]]) are called ‘srotasa’. [Chakrapani commentary on [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]]]

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* The pathways which carry or transport all the significant materials like [[Ayu|life]] elements ([[Prana|prana]] or [[Rakta dhatu|rakta dhatu]]), four types of food, and all the [[Dhatu|dhatus]] are called ‘srotasa’. [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/13]

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* The pathways which carry or transport all the significant materials like [[Ayu|life]] elements ([[Prana|prana]] or [[Rakta dhatu|rakta dhatu]]), four types of food, and all the [[Dhatu|dhatus]] are called ‘srotasa’. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/13]

* “Srotamayama hi sharirama” all the living being are comprised of various macro and micro channels.

* Generally, the word srotasa is understood as macro and micro channels steering in the living being.<ref name="ref2" />

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== Formation ==

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Formation of srotasa starts in the uterine [[Ayu|life]], [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu mahabhuta]] along with equilibrium state of [[Agni mahabhuta|agni mahabhuta]] demarcates the channels (srotasa). [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/28] Similarly, when ovum is fertilized by sperm, genesis of zygote takes place. Further zygote divides into multiple cells in a process known as ‘cleavage’, triggering the beginning of embryonic diffraction. Later formation of different channels of the foetus takes place.

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Formation of srotasa starts in the uterine [[Ayu|life]], [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu mahabhuta]] along with equilibrium state of [[Agni mahabhuta|agni mahabhuta]] demarcates the channels (srotasa). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28] Similarly, when ovum is fertilized by sperm, genesis of zygote takes place. Further zygote divides into multiple cells in a process known as ‘cleavage’, triggering the beginning of embryonic diffraction. Later formation of different channels of the foetus takes place.

== Classification ==

Srotasa are numerous in number because humans are a complex organism, and all [[Sharira|body]] entities are made up of innumerable srotasa. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/3] Fundamentally, every cell of the [[Sharira|body]] could be understood as srotasa. As per the ayurvedic classics, srotasa can be broadly classified into two types:

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Sthula (Gross): They are further classified into two types:</li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold;">Bahiramukha (external openings): Bahirmukha srotasa have external orifices on the [[Sharira|body]]. Broadly they are nine in number [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/6], two of them situated at the lower part of the [[Sharira|body]]. Remaining seven are present in the upper part of the [[Sharira|body]]. In females, three srotasa are mentioned below: [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/10] </li>

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<ol type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold;">Bahiramukha (external openings): Bahirmukha srotasa have external orifices on the [[Sharira|body]]. Broadly they are nine in number [Su. Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/6], two of them situated at the lower part of the [[Sharira|body]]. Remaining seven are present in the upper part of the [[Sharira|body]]. In females, three srotasa are mentioned below: [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/10] </li>

{| class="wikitable"

! style="width: 50%"| Male (9)

! style="width: 50%"| Female (12)

|-

−

| 2 nostrils (nasa), external ear openings (karna), orbital ~~opeings~~ (akshi), mouth (~~mukh~~), external genitalia, anal orifice ([[Guda|guda]])

+

| 2 nostrils (nasa), external ear openings (karna), orbital openings (akshi), mouth (mukha), external genitalia, anal orifice ([[Guda|guda]])

| 9+ breast (stana), cervix or opeing of birth canal (yoni)

|}

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Internal openings (antarmukha): As per Acharya ~~Charaka~~ there are 13 main internal openings described [Ch. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6] and Acharya Sushruta mentioned 22 internal openings [Su Sa [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12]: </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Internal openings (antarmukha): As per Acharya Charak, there are 13 main internal openings described [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/6] and Acharya Sushruta mentioned 22 internal openings [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12]: </li>

{| class="wikitable"

! Srotasa

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! Root (moola) as per Sushruta Samhita

|-

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| ~~Pranavaha~~ srotasa (respiratory channels and vitality system )

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| [[Prana]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (respiratory channels and vitality system )

| [[Hridaya|Heart (hridaya)]], gastroinstestinal tract (mahasrotasa)

| [[Hridaya|Heart (hridaya)]], branches of aorta rasavahini dhamani

|-

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| ~~Ambuvaha~~ srotasa (water and fluid system)

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| [[Jala|Ambu]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (water and fluid system)

| Soft palate (talu), gall bladder (kloma)

|-

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| ~~Annavaha~~ srotasa (digestive system)

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| [[Ahara|Anna]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (digestive system)

| [[Amashaya|Stomach (amashaya)]], left lateral region of the abdomen (vamaparshva)

| [[Amashaya|Stomach (amashaya)]], esophagus (annavahini dhamani)

|-

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| ~~Rasavaha~~ srotasa (plasma and lymphatic system)

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| [[Rasa dhatu|Rasa]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (plasma and lymphatic system)

| [[Hridaya|Heart (hridaya)]], branches of aorta (10 dhamani)

| [[Hridaya|Heart (hridaya)]], the vessels or channel or terminal branches of the aorta that transport nutrition to various parts of the [[Sharira|body]] (rasvahini dhamani)

|-

−

| ~~Raktavaha~~ srotasa (blood and vascular system)

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| [[Rakta dhatu|Rakta]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (blood and vascular system)

| Liver (yakrita), spleen (pleeha),

| Liver (yakrita), spleen (pleeha), blood vessels (raktavahini dhamani)

|-

−

| ~~Mamsavaha~~ srotasa (channels maintaining muscle physiology)

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| [[Mamsa dhatu|Mamsa]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels maintaining muscle physiology)

| Ligaments (snayu), 7 layers of skin (tvaka)

| Ligaments (snayu), seven layers of skin (tvak), raktavahini dhamani

|-

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| ~~Medavaha~~ srotasa (channels for lipid physiology)

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| [[Meda dhatu|Meda]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels for lipid physiology)

| Kidney (vrikka), omentum (vapavahana)

| Lumbar region (kati), kidney (vrikka)

|-

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| ~~Asthivaha~~ srotasa (channels for fibrocartilaginous system)

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| [[Asthi dhatu|Asthi]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels for fibrocartilaginous system)

| Bone or adipose tissue ([[Meda dhatu|meda]]), thigh (jaghana)

| -

|-

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| ~~Majjavaha~~ srotasa (channels for locomotor system)

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| [[Majja dhatu|Majja]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels for locomotor system)

| Bones ([[Asthi dhatu|asthi]]), joints (sandhi)

| -

|-

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| ~~Shukravaha~~ srotasa (reproductive channels)

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| [[Shukra dhatu|Shukra]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (reproductive channels)

| Testicles (vrishana), the external genitalia (shepha)

| Breast (stana), testicles (vrishana)

|-

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| ~~Artavavaha~~ srotasa (channels for menstruation)

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| [[Artava]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels for menstruation)

| -

| Womb (garbhashaya), endometrial arteries (artavavahini dhamani)

|-

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| ~~Mutravaha~~ srotasa (channels for urinary system)

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| [[Mutra]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (channels for urinary system)

| [[Basti|Urinary bladder (basti)]], groin region (vankshana)

| [[Basti|Urinary bladder (basti)]], the external genitalia (medhra)

|-

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| ~~Purishavaha~~ srotasa (defecatory channels)

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| [[Purisha]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (defecatory channels)

| Parts of the large intestine like cecum, rectum, sigmoid colon (pakvashaya), and anal canal (sthula [[Guda|guda]])

| Parts of large intestine (pakvashaya), anal canal ([[Guda|guda]])

|-

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| ~~Swedavaha~~ srotasa (perspiratory channels)

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| [[Sweda]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa (perspiratory channels)

| Fats ([[Meda|meda]]), hair follicles (lomakoopa)

| -

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</ol>

These srotasa can be further divided into three subgroups for ease of understanding:

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<ol type="a"><li>Three intake channels or channels leading to the interior: ~~Annavaha~~, ~~pranavaha~~ & ~~udakavaha~~ srotasa. These act as channels for the ingestion and transportation of solids (food), liquid & gases on a broader account. Hence, these will be considered as digestive, respiratory and electrolyte balancing systems. These channels form the main links of the [[Sharira|body's]] internal environment with the external environment. Further, these channels are more prone to disorders, as they serve as the first defence to the external foreign matter entering the [[Sharira|body]]. These are the first sites of [[Ama|ama]] production.</li>

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<ol type="a"><li>'''Three intake channels or channels leading to the interior:''' [[Ahara|Anna]]<nowiki/>vaha, [[prana]]<nowiki/>vaha & [[Jala|udaka]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa. These act as channels for the ingestion and transportation of solids (food), liquid & gases on a broader account. Hence, these will be considered as digestive, respiratory and electrolyte balancing systems. These channels form the main links of the [[Sharira|body's]] internal environment with the external environment. Further, these channels are more prone to disorders, as they serve as the first defence to the external foreign matter entering the [[Sharira|body]]. These are the first sites of [[Ama|ama]] production.</li>

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<li>Seven processor channels or channels of maintenance: These are ~~dhatuvaha~~ srotasa. These act as the processors of the [[Sharira|body]] and maintain the equilibrium in their physiological states. In Ayurveda, dhatu is the [[Sharira|body's]] structural unit that sustain [[Sharira|sharira (body)]] and are responsible for its strength and immunity. These ~~dhatuvaha~~ channels provide the necessary nutrition for proper growth and development of the seven [[Dhatu|dhatus]] and the space for their transportation, digestion, and metabolism. These are the channels where [[Ama|ama]] is dislodged. </li>

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<li>'''Seven processor channels or channels of maintenance:''' These are [[dhatu]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa. These act as the processors of the [[Sharira|body]] and maintain the equilibrium in their physiological states. In [[Ayurveda]], dhatu is the [[Sharira|body's]] structural unit that sustain [[Sharira|sharira (body)]] and are responsible for its strength and immunity. These [[dhatu]]<nowiki/>vaha channels provide the necessary nutrition for proper growth and development of the seven [[Dhatu|dhatus]] and the space for their transportation, digestion, and metabolism. These are the channels where [[Ama|ama]] is dislodged. </li>

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<li>Three output channels or channels leading to the expulsion of metabolic wastes. These include ~~purishavaha~~, ~~mutravaha~~, and ~~swedavaha~~ srotasa (~~malavaha~~ srotasa). These will act as channels for removing waste products and toxic substances. The metabolites formed during metabolism in ~~dhatuvaha~~ srotasa and three input channels are further transported to ~~malavaha~~ srotasa, according to ease of removal through different sites of elimination through the [[Sharira|body]], after being processed again for easy and smooth expulsion by natural orifices. </li></ol>

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<li>'''Three output channels or channels leading to the expulsion of metabolic wastes:''' These include [[purisha]]<nowiki/>vaha, [[mutra]]<nowiki/>vaha, and [[sweda]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa ([[mala]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa). These will act as channels for removing waste products and toxic substances. The metabolites formed during metabolism in [[dhatu]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa and three input channels are further transported to [[mala]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa, according to ease of removal through different sites of elimination through the [[Sharira|body]], after being processed again for easy and smooth expulsion by natural orifices. </li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Sukshma (~~Micro~~ channels): The small orifices or microscopic pores of the [[Sharira|body]] are known as sukshma srotasa. The navel (nabhi) and tiny channels or orifice of the skin are understood as sukshma srotasa. </li></ol>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Sukshma (micro channels): The small orifices or microscopic pores of the [[Sharira|body]] are known as sukshma srotasa. The navel (nabhi) and tiny channels or orifice of the skin are understood as sukshma srotasa. </li></ol>

== Morphological characters ==

<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Colour: Colour of srotasa is similar to the respective [[Dhatu|tissue (dhatu)]] they carry. </li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Size: Minute (anu) in size or can be visible under the microscope, (sthula) macro in size (we can see direct by the naked eye). </li>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Shape: Round (vritta) in shape, (dirgha) long, (pratana) tendril like [Ch. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/25].</li></ul>

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<li style="font-weight: bold;">Shape: Round (vritta) in shape, (dirgha) long, (pratana) tendril like. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/25]</li></ul>

== Significance of srotasa ==

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== Relation of srotasa with [[Sharira|body]] tissue [[Dhatu|(dhatu)]] ==

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The diet and regimen in the context of daily and seasonal routines which possess quality similar to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] are beneficial for respective [[Dhatu|dhatus]] and suitable for the srotasa. [Cha. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/23]

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The diet and regimen in the context of daily and seasonal routines which possess quality similar to [[Dhatu|dhatu]] are beneficial for respective [[Dhatu|dhatus]] and suitable for the srotasa. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/23]

== Causes of vitiation of srotasa ==

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The food & lifestyle which have a quality similar to the [[Dosha|doshas]] at the same time opposite to the qualities of [[Dhatu|dhatus]] are the prime factors for vitiation of srotasa. [Cha. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/23]

+

The food & lifestyle which have a quality similar to the [[Dosha|doshas]] at the same time opposite to the qualities of [[Dhatu|dhatus]] are the prime factors for vitiation of srotasa. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/23]

== Characteristics of vitiation of srotasa ==

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== Clinical features of vitiation of each srotasa ==

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Vitiation caused in the srotas will lead to manifestation as described below: [Cha. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/7] and [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12]

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Vitiation caused in the srotas will lead to manifestation as described below: [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/7] and [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 9/12]

{| class="wikitable"

! S.no.

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|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''

−

| '''~~Pranavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Prana]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Painful, irregular breathing, breathing with abnormal lung sounds (atisrishtamatibadham kupitamalpamalpamabhikshana va Sashabadamshoolamuchchawantam), forward bending of [[Sharira|body]] (vinamana), syncope (moha), dizziness (bhrama), tremors (vepana) & (maranam) death

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''

−

| '''~~Udakavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Jala|Udaka]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Dryness of tongue, palate, lips, throat, kloma (jihvataluosshthakanthamklomashosha) polydypsia (ati pravriddham Pipaasa), death(maranam)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''

−

| '''~~Annavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Ahara|Anna]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Anorexia (arochaka), indigestion (avipaka), [[Chhardi Chikitsa|vomiting (chhardi)]], polydipsia (pipasa), blindness (andhya), flatulence (adhmana), pain in abdomen (shoola), death (maranam)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''

−

| '''~~Rasavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Rasa dhatu|Rasa]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Anorexia (aruchi), lack of interest in the food (ashradha), tastelessness (asyavairasya), nausea (hrillasa), heaviness in [[Sharira|body]] (gaurav), fatigue (tandra), [[Jwara|Fever (jwara)]], [[Pandu Chikitsa|anemia (pandu)]], darkness in front of the eyes ([[Tamas|tama]]), malnutrition (krishangata), premature aging (palita), loss of libido (klaibya), death (maranam)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''

−

| '''~~Raktavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Rakta dhatu|Rakta]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Skin disorder (twak vikara), like melasma ([[Vyanga|vyanga]]), obstinate skin [[Vyadhi|diseases]] ([[Kushtha Chikitsa|kushtha]]), ringwarm or tines (dadru), bleeding from different part of the [[Sharira|body]] ([[Raktapitta|raktapitta]]), Menorrhagia (asrigdara), anal & urogenital abscesses (gudamedrasyapaaka), jaundice ([[Kamala|kamala]]), vitiligo (shvitra), [[Jwara|fever (jwara)]], [[Pandu Chikitsa|anemia (pandutva)]], conjunctivitis.

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''

−

| '''~~Mamsavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Mamsa dhatu|Mamsa]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Granuloma (adhimansa), tumour (arbuda), adenoids (galashaluka), elongated uvula (gala shundika), gangrene (pootimansa), goitre (galaganda), cervical lymphadenitis (gandamalaemasciation), aneurysm (mamsa shosha), death (maranam).

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''

−

| '''~~Medavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Meda dhatu|Meda]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Decreased [[Ayu|life]] span (ayushohrasa), retarded movements/impaired [[Sharira|body]] movements (Javoparodha), difficulty in sexual act (kricchra vyavayata), general debility (daurbalya), Bad odour of the [[Sharira|body]] (daurgandhya) , excess sweating (swedabadha), excessive hunger (kshudhatimatra), increased thirst, dryness (pipasatiyoga)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''

−

| '''~~Asthivaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Asthi dhatu|Asthi]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Bony overgrowths (adhiasthi), extra teeth (adhidanta), odontitis (dantabheda), bone pain, splitting pain in bones (asthibheda, asthi shulam), discoloration (vivarnata), deformities of hair, bones, nails, and pain in bones and teeth (keshalomanakhashmakshrudosha)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''

−

| '''~~Majjavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Majja dhatu|Majja]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Pain in joints (parva ruka), confusion (bhrama), syncope (murchha), (arunshika), the interphalangeal joints appear big (Sthoola Mula of Parvas)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''

−

| '''~~Shukravaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Shukra dhatu|Shukra]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Loss of libido (Klaibya), lack of erection (aharshanama), no progeny (Na cha jayte garbha), progeny will be deformed & a short [[Ayu|life]] span (alpaaayuvirupama), abortion (garbhapata), miscarriage (garbhashrava)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''

−

| '''~~Mutravaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Mutra]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Polyuria (atisristham), scanty urination (atibaddhama), Obstructed urination (prakupitam), frequent urination (alpama alpama) viscous urination (bahalama), painful urination (sashoolam).

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''

−

| '''~~Purishvaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Purisha]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Difficulty in excretion of stool (kruchchrata), faeces getting expelled in small quantities (alpama alpama) sounds during defecation (sa shabdama), painful excretion of faeces (sa shoolam), diarrhoea (ati dravam), hard stool (atigrathitama), excess formation of faeces (atibahu).

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''13'''

−

| '''~~Swedavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Sweda]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Excessive (atiswedam) or no perspiration (aswedama), rougness (parushya) , horripilation (lomaharsha). excessive smoothness of skin (atishlakshnata),

|-

| style="text-align:center;" | '''14'''

−

| '''~~Artavavaha~~'''

+

| '''[[Artava]]<nowiki/>vaha'''

| Infertility (vandhyata), dyspareunia (maithuna asahishnuta), amennorhea ([[Artava|artava]] nasha).

|-

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<li>Udakavaha srotasa: esophageal manometry, chest X-ray, ECG(electrocardiography) </li>

<li>Annavaha srotasa: endoscopy, USG(ultrasonography) (whole abdomen), </li>

−

<li>Rasavaha srotasa: anthropometry, </li>

+

<li>Rasavaha srotasa: anthropometry, cardiac biomarkers, endocrine markers </li>

<li>Raktavaha srotasa: complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, blood culture, etc. </li>

<li>Mamsavaha srotasa: EMG(electromyography), biopsy, USG-doppler, etc. </li>

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<li>Purishavaha srotasa: stool culture, USG (ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis), proctoscopy, colonoscopy, etc. </li>

<li>Swedavaha srotasa: sweat test </li>

−

<li>Artavavaha srotasa: USG ((ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis)), hormone profile </li></ol>

+

<li>Artavavaha srotasa: USG (ultrasonography of abdomen and pelvis), hormone profile </li></ol>

== General principles of treatment of vitiation of srotasa ==

−

The features of srotodushti (vitiation of srotasa) should be first clinically identified by the physicians. After that, the treatment protocol is decided based on the principle of treatment of particular srotasa. The general line of treatment is similar to the line of treatment for selective [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. [Ch. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/26-28].

+

The features of srotodushti (vitiation of srotasa) should be first clinically identified by the physicians. After that, the treatment protocol is decided based on the principle of treatment of particular srotasa. The general line of treatment is similar to the line of treatment for selective [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. [Cha. Sa [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/26-28].

{| class="wikitable"

! Srotasa

! Guidelines of treatment

|-

−

| ~~Pranavaha~~ srotasa

+

| [[Prana]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa

−

| Treatment of respiratory disorders ([[Shwasa|shwasa]]) : In case of [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] pradhana: emesis ([[Vamana|vamana]]), Purgation ([[Virechana|virechana]]), healthy diet (pathya ashana), [[Dhumapana|dhooma]] (medicated smoking), linctus (leha) In case of [[Vata dosha|vata]] pradhana: pacificatory ([[Shamana|shamana]]) meat soup (mamsarasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/88-90]

+

| Treatment of respiratory disorders ([[Shwasa|shwasa]]) : In case of [[Kapha dosha|kapha]] pradhana: emesis ([[Vamana|vamana]]), Purgation ([[Virechana|virechana]]), healthy diet ([[Ahara vidhi|pathya ashana]]), [[Dhumapana|dhooma]] (medicated smoking), linctus (leha) In case of [[Vata dosha|vata]] pradhana: pacificatory ([[Shamana|shamana]]) meat soup (mamsarasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/88-90]

|-

| Annavaha srotasa

−

+

|-

| Udakavaha srotasa

−

| Treatment of polydipsia ([[Trishna Chikitsa|trishna]]): Intake of water with honey, Or medicated water processed with herbs having properties like thin (tanu) light to digest (laghu), [[Sheeta|cold (sheeta)]], fragrant (sugandhi), and good taste (Surasa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/25,26]

+

| Treatment of polydipsia ([[Trishna Chikitsa|trishna]]): Intake of water with honey, Or medicated water processed with herbs having properties like thin (tanu) light to digest (laghu), [[Sheeta|cold (sheeta)]], fragrant (sugandhi), and good taste (Surasa) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/25,26]

|-

−

| Rasadi ~~dhatuvaha~~ srotasa

+

| Rasadi [[dhatu]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa

−

| Treatment of [[Dhatu|dhatu]] pradoshaja vikara

+

| Treatment of [[Dhatu|dhatu]] pradoshaja vikara

−

# ~~Rasavaha~~ srotasa : [[Langhana|langhana]]

+

# [[Rasa dhatu|Rasa]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa : [[Langhana|langhana]]

−

# ~~Raktavaha~~ srotasa: [[Virechana|virechana]], [[Upavasa|upavasa]] and bloodletting, light diet.

+

# [[Rakta dhatu|Rakta]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa: [[Virechana|virechana]], [[Upavasa|upavasa]] and [[Raktamokshana|bloodletting]], light diet.

−

# ~~Mamsavaha~~ srotasa: samshodhana, kshara karma, ~~agnikarma~~

+

# [[Mamsa dhatu|Mamsa]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa: [[Panchakarma|samshodhana]], kshara karma, agni karma

−

+

−

# ~~Asthivaha~~ srotasa: [[Panchakarma|panchakarma]] procedures, [[Basti|basti]] processed with milk (ksheera) and bitter ([[Tikta|tikta]] [[Aushadha|aushadha]]).

+

−

+

|-

−

| ~~Mutravaha~~ srotasa

+

| [[Mutra]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa

| Treatment of dysuria (mutrakrichhra), diuretics (mutrala [[Dravya|dravya]]) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/45,49,54,58]

|-

−

| ~~Purishavaha~~ srotasa

+

| [[Purisha]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa

| Treatment of [[Atisara Chikitsa|diarrhea (atisara)]]: [[Basti|basti]], treatment is planned as per the stages of diarrhoea (avasthiki chikitsa) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/19,123]

|-

−

| ~~Swedavaha~~ srotasa

+

| [[Sweda]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa

| Treatment of [[Jwara|fever (jwara)]]: [[Langhana|fasting (langhana)]], steam (swedanam), time for natural recovery ([[Kala|kala]]), gruels (yavagu), bitter taste herbs for digestion ([[Tikta|tikta rasa]] [[Pachana|pachana]]) [Ch. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/140,42]

|-

Line 279: Line 279:

Pathogenesis or vitiation in the transport system leads to stagnation of unwanted things, depletion of essential nutrients, eredication of the [[Sharira|body]] tissue and cells, and imbalance in the [[Sharira|body]], [[Manas|mind]], and [[Health|health]]. This leads to multiple [[Vyadhi|diseases]] related to different channels of the [[Sharira|body]].<ref name="ref3">https://www.easyayurveda.com/2016/06/02/srotas-body-channels-and-duct.. </ref>

−

Srotasa is the inner transport or circulatory system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These can be depicted on macroscopic (sthula) as well as microscopic (~~sukshama~~) level for the descriptions pertaining to the exchange of gases, transportation of various nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to multiple parts of the [[Sharira|body]] and elimination of waste products (kitta bhaga) like urine & feces, from the [[Sharira|body]]. They are mainly structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units and carry essential nutrients, transmitting sensory and motor reflexes throughout the [[Sharira|body]]. Sthula srotasa, along with their roots are emphasized for pathology & treatment. Srotasa play a prime role in understanding physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, etc.

+

Srotasa is the inner transport or circulatory system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These can be depicted on macroscopic (sthula) as well as microscopic (sukshma) level for the descriptions pertaining to the exchange of gases, transportation of various nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to multiple parts of the [[Sharira|body]] and elimination of waste products (kitta bhaga) like urine & feces, from the [[Sharira|body]]. They are mainly structural and functional [[Sharira|body]] units and carry essential nutrients, transmitting sensory and motor reflexes throughout the [[Sharira|body]]. Sthula srotasa, along with their roots are emphasized for pathology & treatment. Srotasa play a prime role in understanding physiology, pathology, clinical medicine, etc.

== Contemporary approach<ref name="ref4">Chatterjee’s C.C human physiology, 13th edition. CBS publishers & distributors; New Delhi : 2021.p2-21. </ref> ==

Line 288: Line 288:

== Physiological functions and medical approach to each one srotasa<ref name="ref2" /> ==

−

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>~~Annavaha~~ srotasa is responsible for the nutritional supply since it covers esophagus & gastrointestinal tract. </li>

+

<ul style="text-align:justify;"><li>[[Ahara|Anna]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa is responsible for the nutritional supply since it covers esophagus & gastrointestinal tract. </li>

−

<li>~~Pranavaha~~ srotasa carries out the function of transportation of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] since it moves through the heart & respiratory tract. </li>

+

<li>[[Prana]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa carries out the function of transportation of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] since it moves through the heart & respiratory tract. </li>

−

<li>~~Rasavaha~~ & ~~raktavaha~~ srotasa transport [[Rasa|rasa]] & [[Rakta dhatu|rakta]] through heart, venous, arteriole circulatory system & other vessels. </li>

+

<li>[[Rasa dhatu|Rasa]]<nowiki/>vaha & [[Rakta dhatu|rakta]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa transport [[Rasa|rasa]] & [[Rakta dhatu|rakta]] through heart, venous, arteriole circulatory system & other vessels. </li>

−

<li>~~Swedavaha~~ & ~~medavaha~~ srotasa performs detoxification since it covers subcutaneous fat tissue & sweat glands along with micropores of the skin. </li>

+

<li>[[Sweda]]<nowiki/>vaha & [[Meda dhatu|meda]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa performs detoxification since it covers subcutaneous fat tissue & sweat glands along with micropores of the skin. </li>

−

<li>~~Manovaha~~ & ~~majjavaha~~ srotasa are the causative factors for neuronal and sensory transportation.</li>

+

<li>[[Manas|Mano]]<nowiki/>vaha & [[Majja dhatu|majja]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa are the causative factors for neuronal and sensory transportation.</li>

−

<li>~~Shukravaha~~ and ~~artavavaha~~ srotasa transport essential components throughout the reproductive and sexual organs. </li>

+

<li>[[Shukra dhatu|Shukra]]<nowiki/>vaha and [[artava]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa transport essential components throughout the reproductive and sexual organs. </li>

−

<li>~~Purishavaha~~ srotasa helps to transport fecal wastes and gaseous substances from the cecum, rectum, and intestine through anal orifice. </li>

+

<li>[[Purisha]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa helps to transport fecal wastes and gaseous substances from the cecum, rectum, and intestine through anal orifice. </li>

−

<li>~~Mutravaha~~ srotasa helps with detoxification through the urinary tract. </li></ul>

+

<li>[[Mutra]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa helps with detoxification through the urinary tract. </li></ul>

== Srotasa, receptors and membrane biology ==

Line 304: Line 304:

== Current researches ==

−

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on the concept of ~~srotas~~: Srotasa acts as the inner transport system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These macro, micro level channels also include all range of structural and functional units designed to carry specific materials, molecules, messages, impulses, emotions, and thoughts and are typical for the substances they transport. The concept of receptor theory and their specificity and membrane biology is also indicated by the functional physiology of srotamsi, which has importance from the point of view of pathophysiology and pharmacophysiology.<ref name="ref2" />. </li>

+

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on the concept of srotasa: Srotasa acts as the inner transport system of the [[Sharira|body]]. These macro, micro level channels also include all range of structural and functional units designed to carry specific materials, molecules, messages, impulses, emotions, and thoughts and are typical for the substances they transport. The concept of receptor theory and their specificity and membrane biology is also indicated by the functional physiology of srotamsi, which has importance from the point of view of pathophysiology and pharmacophysiology.<ref name="ref2" />. </li>

−

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical evaluation of ~~srotas~~ and their clinical ~~Significance~~: Srotasa plays an essential role in [[Vyadhi|disease]] manifestation. Understanding the concept of srotasa and srotovaigunya are vital to prognosis and treatment.<ref name="ref5">Katwal Savita, Udainiya Neha, 2018. “Critical evaluation of srotas and its clinical significance” International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 7, (03), 1407-1409.</ref> </li>

+

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical evaluation of srotasa and their clinical significance: Srotasa plays an essential role in [[Vyadhi|disease]] manifestation. Understanding the concept of srotasa and srotovaigunya are vital to prognosis and treatment.<ref name="ref5">Katwal Savita, Udainiya Neha, 2018. “Critical evaluation of srotas and its clinical significance” International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 7, (03), 1407-1409.</ref> </li>

−

<li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] literary research study on some important aspects of ~~srotas~~: This study mainly focuses on understanding the srotas regarding microcirculation and exploration of minute aspects of microchannels.<ref name="ref6">Chouhan PK. Ayurveda Literary Research Study on Some Important Aspects of Srotas. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.10Sep.2018 ;8(5):280-3 </ref> </li>

+

<li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] literary research study on some important aspects of srotasa: This study mainly focuses on understanding the srotas regarding microcirculation and exploration of minute aspects of microchannels.<ref name="ref6">Chouhan PK. Ayurveda Literary Research Study on Some Important Aspects of Srotas. Journal of drug delivery and therapeutics.10Sep.2018 ;8(5):280-3 </ref> </li>

−

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical appraisal ~~of doshavaha srotas~~: The study is based on the various synonyms described in classical texts, focusing on the sira (vein) and further divided into three categories like the division of sira as ~~vatavaha~~, ~~pittavaha~~, ~~kaphavaha~~ & sarvavaha ~~srotas~~. It makes it easier to understand srotas in the context of [[~~Tridosha|~~tridosha]] for better and more systematic treatment protocol.<ref name="ref7">Byadgi PS. Critical appraisal of Doshavaha Srotas. Ayu. 2012 Jul;33(3):337-42. doi: 10.4103/0974- 8520.108819. PMID: 23723638; PMCID: PMC3665105.</ref> </li>

+

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Critical appraisal of [[dosha]]<nowiki/>vaha srotasa: The study is based on the various synonyms described in classical texts, focusing on the sira (vein) and further divided into three categories like the division of sira as [[Vata dosha|vata]]<nowiki/>vaha, [[Pitta dosha|pitta]]<nowiki/>vaha, [[Kapha dosha|kapha]]<nowiki/>vaha & sarvavaha srotasa. It makes it easier to understand srotas in the context of [[tridosha]] for better and more systematic treatment protocol.<ref name="ref7">Byadgi PS. Critical appraisal of Doshavaha Srotas. Ayu. 2012 Jul;33(3):337-42. doi: 10.4103/0974- 8520.108819. PMID: 23723638; PMCID: PMC3665105.</ref> </li>

−

<li style="font-weight: bold;">A review article on concept of ~~srotas~~ with special emphasis on pranavaha ~~srotas~~: This article emphasizes the pranavaha srotasa. It depicts the conductor and channeliser of prana (living force).<ref name="ref8">Joshi Prakash, Wane Yogesh. A review article on concept of srotasa with special emphasis of pranavaha srotasa, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research November 2021, Volume 8, Issue 11,(ISSN-2349-5162)</ref> </li></ol>

+

<li style="font-weight: bold;">A review article on concept of srotasa with special emphasis on pranavaha srotasa: This article emphasizes the pranavaha srotasa. It depicts the conductor and channeliser of prana (living force).<ref name="ref8">Joshi Prakash, Wane Yogesh. A review article on concept of srotasa with special emphasis of pranavaha srotasa, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research November 2021, Volume 8, Issue 11,(ISSN-2349-5162)</ref> </li></ol>

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