Changes

[[File:Fig3.jpg|center|Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of pitta.'''</center>

[[File:Fig3.jpg|center|Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of pitta.'''</center>

Acharya Sushruta first described five types of pitta and defined their particular functions as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/> [Dalhana on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/>  

Acharya Sushruta first described five types of pitta and defined their particular functions as below:[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/> [Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/>  

<ol><li>Imparting normal color (ragakriit): Ranjaka pitta</li>

<ol><li>Imparting normal color (ragakriit): Ranjaka pitta</li>

<li>Process of digestion (paktikrt): Pachaka pitta</li>

<li>Process of digestion (paktikrt): Pachaka pitta</li>

== Classification ==

== Classification ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The classification of pitta is based on different functions and locations in human [[Sharira|body]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/10]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/5]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/12-14]<ref name="ref8"/></div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The classification of pitta is based on different functions and locations in human [[Sharira|body]]. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/10]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/5]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12-14]<ref name="ref8"/></div>

=== Five types of pitta dosha, sites and functions: ===

=== Five types of pitta dosha, sites and functions: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Pachaka, ranjaka, sadhaka, alochaka, and bhrajaka are the five types of pitta dosha. Five sets of functions by which pitta dosha is divided into five types are described. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/> The location and function of five types of pitta dosha are based on different Ayurvedic texts, as given in table 01. </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Pachaka, ranjaka, sadhaka, alochaka, and bhrajaka are the five types of pitta dosha. Five sets of functions by which pitta dosha is divided into five types are described. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref2"/> The location and function of five types of pitta dosha are based on different Ayurvedic texts, as given in table 01. </div>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 01: Description of five types of pitta dosha  

|+ Table 01: Description of five types of pitta dosha  

=== [[Loka]] [[Purusha]] Samya ===

=== [[Loka]] [[Purusha]] Samya ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Pitta is responsible for all destruction or catabolism in the cosmos. The [[Agni mahabhuta|agni mahabhuta]] is represented by the pitta dosha in human [[Sharira|body]]. Nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), depleting ([[Adana kala|adana]]) and distributing (vikshepa) in the universe are carried by the moon, sun and wind. Similarly, the human [[Sharira|body]] has [[Kapha dosha|kapha]], pitta, and [[Vata dosha|vata]] performing the same functions, respectively. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6]<ref name="ref2"/></div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Pitta is responsible for all destruction or catabolism in the cosmos. The [[Agni mahabhuta|agni mahabhuta]] is represented by the pitta dosha in human [[Sharira|body]]. Nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), depleting ([[Adana kala|adana]]) and distributing (vikshepa) in the universe are carried by the moon, sun and wind. Similarly, the human [[Sharira|body]] has [[Kapha dosha|kapha]], pitta, and [[Vata dosha|vata]] performing the same functions, respectively. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 29/6]<ref name="ref2"/></div>

=== Factors responsible for abnormal states of pitta ===

=== Factors responsible for abnormal states of pitta ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Certain factors cause excess or decline of pitta in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable. </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Certain factors cause excess or decline of pitta in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable. </div>

==== Natural factors ====

==== Natural factors ====

<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/20-21]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/16]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/20]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/20-21]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/16]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)  

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta undergoes natural accumulation in rainy season([[Varsha|varsha]]), gets vitiated during [[Sharad|autumn(sharada)]] and subsides to normal during [[Hemanta|winter(hemant)]].</span></li>

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta undergoes natural accumulation in rainy season([[Varsha|varsha]]), gets vitiated during [[Sharad|autumn(sharada)]] and subsides to normal during [[Hemanta|winter(hemant)]].</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Various stages of digestion of food: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated during the meal digestion (jiryteanne).</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Various stages of digestion of food: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated during the meal digestion (jiryteanne).</span></li>

[[File:Fig5.jpg|center|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.'''</center></div>

[[File:Fig5.jpg|center|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.'''</center></div>

==== Acquired factors ====

==== Acquired factors ====

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors cause vitiation of pitta dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/22]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1 /16]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors cause vitiation of pitta dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1 /16]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and a particular property of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with the dominance of  [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Amla|sour (amla)]], and [[Lavana|salty (lavana)]] taste, hot potency cause aggravation of pitta dosha. Intake of insufficient quantity at the improper time leads to vitiation of pitta dosha.</span></li>

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and a particular property of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with the dominance of  [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Amla|sour (amla)]], and [[Lavana|salty (lavana)]] taste, hot potency cause aggravation of pitta dosha. Intake of insufficient quantity at the improper time leads to vitiation of pitta dosha.</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Fasting ([[Upavasa|upavasa]]), overstrain (ayasa) and excessive sexual indulgence (maithuna upagamana)</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Fasting ([[Upavasa|upavasa]]), overstrain (ayasa) and excessive sexual indulgence (maithuna upagamana)</span></li>

=== Hyperfunctioning of pitta (vriddhi lakshana): ===

=== Hyperfunctioning of pitta (vriddhi lakshana): ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as stated below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as stated below: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/13]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:

<ul><li>Yellowish coloration of stool([[Purisha|purisha]]), urine([[Mutra|mutra]]), eyes(netra) and skin(twacha). </li>

<ul><li>Yellowish coloration of stool([[Purisha|purisha]]), urine([[Mutra|mutra]]), eyes(netra) and skin(twacha). </li>

<li>Increased hunger (kshudha) </li>

<li>Increased hunger (kshudha) </li>

=== Hypo functioning of pitta (kshaya lakshana): ===

=== Hypo functioning of pitta (kshaya lakshana): ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels decline, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels decline, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>  

<ul><li>Poor digestive capacity and decreased digestive functions (manda anala) </li>

<ul><li>Poor digestive capacity and decreased digestive functions (manda anala) </li>

<li>Coldness(shita) </li>

<li>Coldness(shita) </li>

=== Diagnosis: ===

=== Diagnosis: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The state of pitta dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most common clinical features of pitta dosha are burning sensation(daha), feeling of hotness (ushnata), suppuration(paka), strava(discharge), redness(raga) rigidity([[Stambhana|stambhana]]), wasting ([[Shosha Nidana|shosha]])and harshness(parusha). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/15] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/39]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Forty types of [[Vyadhi|diseases]] are caused due to an imbalance of pitta dosha (pitta nanatmaja [[Vyadhi|vyadhi]]).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]  20/14][Table 02]:</div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The state of pitta dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most common clinical features of pitta dosha are burning sensation(daha), feeling of hotness (ushnata), suppuration(paka), strava(discharge), redness(raga) rigidity([[Stambhana|stambhana]]), wasting ([[Shosha Nidana|shosha]])and harshness(parusha). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/15] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/39]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Forty types of [[Vyadhi|diseases]] are caused due to an imbalance of pitta dosha (pitta nanatmaja [[Vyadhi|vyadhi]]).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]  20/14][Table 02]:</div>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 2: Disorders due to pitta dosha (pitta nanatmaja vikara)<ref name="ref10"/>   

|+ Table 2: Disorders due to pitta dosha (pitta nanatmaja vikara)<ref name="ref10"/>   

== Treatment ==

== Treatment ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>To manage and prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]], the clinician shall follow the theory of similarity and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]). Avoiding diet and lifestyle factors similar to properties of pitta dosha is required to pacify it. Contrarily, the decline of pitta dosha is treated by consuming foods and lifestyles that stimulate it. Therapeutic purgation ([[Virechana|virechana]]) is the best intervention indicated for vitiated pitta.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40]  <br/>Ingestion of milk and [[Ghee|ghee]] (ghrita) is best  for the treatment of pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/> <br/>The herbs having [[Madhura|sweet]], [[Tikta|bitter]], [[Kashaya|astringent]], and cold qualities used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Snehana (unction therapy)|oleation]], [[Virechana|purgation]], massage and shower etc. are helpful in the treatment of pitta disorders. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/39]<ref name="ref9"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>To manage and prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]], the clinician shall follow the theory of similarity and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]). Avoiding diet and lifestyle factors similar to properties of pitta dosha is required to pacify it. Contrarily, the decline of pitta dosha is treated by consuming foods and lifestyles that stimulate it. Therapeutic purgation ([[Virechana|virechana]]) is the best intervention indicated for vitiated pitta.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]  <br/>Ingestion of milk and [[Ghee|ghee]] (ghrita) is best  for the treatment of pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/> <br/>The herbs having [[Madhura|sweet]], [[Tikta|bitter]], [[Kashaya|astringent]], and cold qualities used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Snehana (unction therapy)|oleation]], [[Virechana|purgation]], massage and shower etc. are helpful in the treatment of pitta disorders. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/39]<ref name="ref9"/>  

<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes ([[Rasa|rasa]]) that help in controlling the vitiated pitta are – [[Madhura|sweet (madhura)]], [[Tikta|bitter (tikta)]] and [[Kashaya|astringent (kashaya)]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/66] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/>

<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes ([[Rasa|rasa]]) that help in controlling the vitiated pitta are – [[Madhura|sweet (madhura)]], [[Tikta|bitter (tikta)]] and [[Kashaya|astringent (kashaya)]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/66] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/>

<br/>'''Lifestyle modification:''' Following modifications in lifestyles and measures help to maintain equilibrium of pitta dosha and manage its disorders.

<br/>'''Lifestyle modification:''' Following modifications in lifestyles and measures help to maintain equilibrium of pitta dosha and manage its disorders.

<ul><li>Frequent application of paste of cool substances like  kapur (camphor), [[Chandana|Chandana]] (sandalwood), and ushira (Khashkhash grass) over [[Sharira|body]]</li>

<ul><li>Frequent application of paste of cool substances like  kapur (camphor), [[Chandana|Chandana]] (sandalwood), and ushira (Khashkhash grass) over [[Sharira|body]]</li>

<li>Companionship of individuals who talk honestly and innocuously</li>

<li>Companionship of individuals who talk honestly and innocuously</li>

<li>Living near ponds, parks, and fountains with fresh water</li>

<li>Living near ponds, parks, and fountains with fresh water</li>

<li>Wearing garlands/necklaces with appealing and cooling nature.[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/></li></ul></div>

<li>Wearing garlands/necklaces with appealing and cooling nature.[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/4-9]<ref name="ref8"/></li></ul></div>

== Current researches ==

== Current researches ==