Changes

=== Synonyms:<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4">Madhavakar. Madhava Nidanam. Edited by SashtriSudarshana, UpadhayaYadunandana. 30th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2000.</ref> ===

=== Synonyms:<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4">Madhavakar. Madhava Nidanam. Edited by SashtriSudarshana, UpadhayaYadunandana. 30th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2000.</ref> ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>In normal states-[[Shleshma|Shleshma]] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12], [[Bala|bala]][Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/117], [[Ojas|oja]][Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/117], balasa[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/74]<ref name="ref3"/> [Vachaspati on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/> balasaka[Vijayarakshita on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/>, Soma[Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12] <br/>In abnormal states- Papma, [[Mala|mala]][Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/117]</div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>In normal states-[[Shleshma|Shleshma]] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12], [[Bala|bala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], [[Ojas|oja]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], balasa [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/74]<ref name="ref3"/> [Vachaspati on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/> balasaka[Vijayarakshita on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/>, Soma [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12] <br/>In abnormal states- Papma, [[Mala|mala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117]</div>

=== Various aspects: ===

=== Various aspects: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/2] Although all the [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] participate in the composition, [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]] expresses dominant role and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]] as  secondary. Acharya sushruta opines that kapha dosha originates from [[Saumya|saumya]] or [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref3"/>[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana42/5] [DalhanaSu.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8](Figure 01) </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/2] Although all the [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] participate in the composition, [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]] expresses dominant role and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]] as  secondary. Acharya sushruta opines that kapha dosha originates from [[Saumya|saumya]] or [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref3"/>[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana42/5] [DalhanaSu.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8](Figure 01) </div>

=== Kapha dosha and [[Triguna|triguna]] ===

=== Kapha dosha and [[Triguna|triguna]] ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>All the living & nonliving things originate from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]. These [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] originate from trigunatmaka [[Prakriti|prakriti]] as described in evolution process (utpatti karma). [[Dosha|Dosha]] evolve from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahbhuta]], so these [[Dosha|dosha]] bear [[Triguna|triguna]] property. Sushruta stated that kapha evolved from [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]]. [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] has [[Sattva|sattva]] and [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance<ref name="ref3"/> [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 1/20] Shharangdhara and Bhavaprakashopine that kapha has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5]<ref name="ref6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurabharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref> [Bha. Pra. Purva Khand 3/103]<ref name="ref7">Bhava mishra. Bhavaprakasha, Edited by Brahmasankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaisya. 5th ed. Hindi Commentary Vidyotini; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 1969.</ref> (Figure 01)  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>All the living & nonliving things originate from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]. These [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] originate from trigunatmaka [[Prakriti|prakriti]] as described in evolution process (utpatti karma). [[Dosha|Dosha]] evolve from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahbhuta]], so these [[Dosha|dosha]] bear [[Triguna|triguna]] property. Sushruta stated that kapha evolved from [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]]. [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] has [[Sattva|sattva]] and [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance<ref name="ref3"/> [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 1/20] Sharangdhara and Bhavaprakasha opine that kapha has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5]<ref name="ref6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurabharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref> [Bha. Pra. Purva Khand 3/103]<ref name="ref7">Bhava mishra. Bhavaprakasha, Edited by Brahmasankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaisya. 5th ed. Hindi Commentary Vidyotini; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 1969.</ref> (Figure 01)  

[[File:Fig1.jpg|center|Figure 01: Relation between Triguna, Mahabhuta and Kapha Dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 01: Relation between Triguna, Mahabhuta and Kapha Dosha.'''</center></div>

[[File:Fig1.jpg|center|Figure 01: Relation between Triguna, Mahabhuta and Kapha Dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 01: Relation between [[Triguna]], [[Mahabhuta]] and Kapha Dosha'''</center></div>

== Sites of kapha ==

== Sites of kapha ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present all over the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] They have specific sites in normal physiological conditions. The general location of kapha is the upper parts of the [[Sharira|body]]. It is marked as above the [[Hridaya|heart(hridaya)]].[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4]<ref name="ref5"/> Thes pecific seats of kapha areas below: [Code:SAT-B.238]<ref name="ref1"/> [Code:SAT-B.420]<ref name="ref1"/>(Figure 02)  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present all over the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] They have specific sites in normal physiological conditions. The general location of kapha is the upper parts of the [[Sharira|body]]. It is marked as above the [[Hridaya|heart(hridaya)]].[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4]<ref name="ref5"/> Thes pecific seats of kapha areas below: [Code:SAT-B.238]<ref name="ref1"/> [Code:SAT-B.420]<ref name="ref1"/>(Figure 02)  

<ul><li>Chest(Ura)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li>  

<ul><li>Chest(Ura)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li>  

<li>Head (shira)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Head (shira)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Neck region(griva)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9][K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>Neck region(griva) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>Joints (parva or sandhi)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>Joints (parva or sandhi)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>[[Amashaya|Stomach(amashaya)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>[[Amashaya|Stomach(amashaya)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>[[Meda|Fat (meda)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>[[Meda|Fat (meda)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>  

<li>Throat(kantha) [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Throat(kantha) [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Organ controlling water uptake and loss(kloma) [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Organ controlling water uptake and loss(kloma) [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]])[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]])[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>[[Ghrana|Nose (ghrana)]] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>[[Ghrana|Nose (ghrana)]] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Tongue(jihva or rasana)[Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Tongue(jihva or rasana)[Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>  

<li>Arms(bahu) [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li></ul>

<li>Arms(bahu) [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li></ul>

Among all these sites, chest region (ura) is the prime site of kapha dosha.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9][A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [Arunadatta on A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> Kapha doshais predominately present in [[Amashaya|stomach(amashaya)]]. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="ref3"/> Chakrapani precisely explains the location of kapha as upper part of [[Amashaya|amashaya(stomach)]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]  

Among all these sites, chest region (ura) is the prime site of kapha dosha.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9][A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [Arunadatta on A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> Kapha dosha is predominately present in [[Amashaya|stomach(amashaya)]]. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="ref3"/> Chakrapani precisely explains the location of kapha as upper part of [[Amashaya|amashaya(stomach)]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]  

[[File:Kapha dosha Fig2.jpg|center|Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.'''</center></div>

[[File:Kapha dosha Fig2.jpg|center|Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.'''</center></div>

=== Attributes: ===

=== Attributes: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The characteristics of kapha are:  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The characteristics of kapha are:  

<ul><li>Heaviness(guru or gaurava)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61][Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<ul><li>Heaviness(guru or gaurava) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<li>Coldness(shita) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96][Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>Coldness(shita) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>Softness (mridu) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li>

<li>Softness (mridu) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Unctuousness (snigdha) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<li>Unctuousness (snigdha) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<li>[[Madhura|Sweet (madhura)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>[[Madhura|Sweet (madhura)]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>Firmness/stability (sthira) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Firmness/stability (sthira) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Sliminess (picchila) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61][Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<li>Sliminess (picchila) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61][Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

<li>Whitish (shaukalya or shweta) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/97][Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>Whitish (shaukalya or shweta) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/97][Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

<li>Mouldable (mrutsana) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/18] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Mouldable (mrutsana) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Smoothness (slakshana) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Smoothness (shlakshana) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Mobile ([[Sara|sara]]) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li>

<li>Mobile ([[Sara|sara]]) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Compact (sandra) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li>

<li>Compact (sandra) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Slowness (manda) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Slowness (manda) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Stable (stimita) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li>

<li>Stable (stimita) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Viscous (vijjala) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li>

<li>Viscous (vijjala) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Transparent (accha) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] </li></ul>

<li>Transparent (accha) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li></ul>

Kapha dosha has [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]] taste in completely transformed or mature stage. It is [[Lavana|salty(lavana)]] in incomplete stage or when it is not fully formed. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> Kashypa stated kapha is white in color.[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </div>

Kapha dosha has [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]] taste in completely transformed or mature stage. It is [[Lavana|salty(lavana)]] in incomplete stage or when it is not fully formed. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> Kashypa stated kapha is white in color.[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </div>

== Functions of kapha ==

== Functions of kapha ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha has independent tasks in the [[Sharira|body]]. However, it is dormant without [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/25]<ref name="ref6"/> The principal function of kapha dosha is to maintain the normal physiology by supporting growth and anabolism. The special functions of kapha are as below: [Code:SAT-B.421]<ref name="ref1"/> [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/51] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha has independent tasks in the [[Sharira|body]]. However, it is dormant without [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/25]<ref name="ref6"/> The principal function of kapha dosha is to maintain the normal physiology by supporting growth and anabolism. The special functions of kapha are as below: [Code:SAT-B.421]<ref name="ref1"/> [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/51] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<ul><li>Provides and maintains unctuousness to the body ([[Snehana (unction therapy)|snehana]]) </li>

<ul><li>Provides and maintains unctuousness to the body ([[Snehana (unction therapy)|snehana]]) </li>

<li>Maintains the anatomical integrity of various cells, tissue, and organ with each other, as well as provides support/ Maintain the integrity of joints(bandhana) </li>

<li>Maintains the anatomical integrity of various cells, tissue, and organ with each other, as well as provides support/ Maintain the integrity of joints(bandhana) </li>

<li>Obedient to teachers </li></ul></div>

<li>Obedient to teachers </li></ul></div>

== Lokapurusha samanya ==

== [[Loka]] [[purusha]] samya ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The universe's entire production process is controlled by kapha. The kapha dosha in the human [[Sharira|body]] represents the [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]]. The moon, sun, and wind are responsible for nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), exhausting ([[Adana kala|adana]]), and dispersing (vikshepa) in the universe. Similarly, the kapha, [[Pitta|pitta]], and [[Vata dosha|vata]] do the same things in the human [[Sharira|body]].[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6]<ref name="ref3"/> </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The universe's entire production process is controlled by kapha. The kapha dosha in the human [[Sharira|body]] represents the [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]]. The moon, sun, and wind are responsible for nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), exhausting ([[Adana kala|adana]]), and dispersing (vikshepa) in the universe. Similarly, the kapha, [[Pitta|pitta]], and [[Vata dosha|vata]] do the same things in the human [[Sharira|body]].[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6]<ref name="ref3"/> </div>

=== Acquired factors: ===

=== Acquired factors: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanyavisheshasiddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and properties of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana|salt(lavana)]] taste, heavy-to-digest food, slimy, unctuous food articles and excessive intake of water cause kapha vitiation.</span></li>

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and properties of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana|salt(lavana)]] taste, heavy-to-digest food, slimy, unctuous food articles and excessive intake of water cause kapha vitiation.</span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapana), lack of exercise(avyayama), drinking water at night(nishaambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals(adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapna), lack of exercise(avyayama), drinking water at night(nisha ambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals(adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">pleasure(harsha). </span></li></ul></div>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">pleasure(harsha). </span></li></ul></div>

== Clinical aspects ==

== Clinical aspects ==

=== Preventive aspect: ===  

=== Preventive aspect: ===  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>A person with a normal state of kapha dosha constitution (prakritakapha), should avoid diet and lifestyle vitiating kapha.</div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>A person with a normal state of kapha dosha constitution (prakrita kapha), should avoid diet and lifestyle vitiating kapha.</div>

=== Stages of dosha: ===

=== Stages of dosha: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>  

=== Hyperfunctioning of kapha (vriddhi lakshana) ===

=== Hyperfunctioning of kapha (vriddhi lakshana) ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:  

<ul><li>Whitish coloration of skin(shaukalaya) </li>

<ul><li>Whitish coloration of skin (shaukalaya) </li>

<li>A feeling of coldness (shaityam) </li>

<li>A feeling of coldness (shaityam) </li>

<li>Firmness and stiffness(sthairyam) </li>

<li>Firmness and stiffness (sthairyam) </li>

<li>Heaviness in body(gauravam) </li>

<li>Heaviness in body (gauravam) </li>

<li>Depression (avasada) </li>

<li>Depression (avasada) </li>

<li>Drowsiness(tandra) </li>

<li>Drowsiness(tandra) </li>

<li>Sleepiness([[Nidra|nidra]] or atinidrata) </li>

<li>Sleepiness([[Nidra|nidra]] or atinidrata) </li>

<li>Lack of firmness in joints(sandhivishlesha) </li>

<li>Lack of firmness in joints (sandhivishlesha) </li>

<li>Low digestive capacity (agnisadana) </li>

<li>Low digestive capacity (agnisadana) </li>

<li>Salivation(praseka) </li>

<li>Salivation (praseka) </li>

<li>Laziness(alasya) </li>

<li>Laziness (alasya) </li>

<li>Flaccidity (slathangatvam or angasada) </li>

<li>Flaccidity (shlathangatvam or angasada) </li>

<li>Dyspnea ([[Shwasa|shwasa]]) </li>

<li>Dyspnea ([[Shwasa|shwasa]]) </li>

<li>Cough([[Kasa Chikitsa|kasa]]) </li>

<li>Cough([[Kasa Chikitsa|kasa]]) </li>

<li>Obesity(sthaulya) </li>

<li>Obesity(sthaulya) </li>

<li>Blockage of natural passages(srotapidana) </li>

<li>Blockage of natural passages (srotapidana) </li>

<li>Syncope (murchha) </li>

<li>Syncope (murchha) </li>

<li>Nausea (hrillasa) </li></ul></div>

<li>Nausea (hrillasa) </li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Dryness (rukshata)</li>  

<ul><li>Dryness (rukshata)</li>  

<li>Burning sensation in the body(antardaha) </li>

<li>Burning sensation in the body(antardaha) </li>

<li>Emptiness in all sites of kapha especially stomach(amashyaitrashleshmashyashunyta) </li>

<li>Emptiness in all sites of kapha especially stomach(amashyaitara shleshmashaya shunyta) </li>

<li>Flaccid joints(sandhi shaithilya) </li>

<li>Flaccid joints (sandhi shaithilya) </li>

<li>Thirst ([[Trishna Chikitsa|trishna]]) </li>

<li>Thirst ([[Trishna Chikitsa|trishna]]) </li>

<li>Weakness (daurbalya) </li>

<li>Weakness (daurbalya) </li>

== Current researches ==

== Current researches ==

<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Vasantikavamana (therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis]] in [[Vasanta|spring]] season) - A preventive measure for [[Vyadhi|diseases]] of kapha origin: <span style="font-weight:normal">The study was conducted on 69 volunteers/patients who followed classical [[Vamana|vamana]] therapy. The therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis (vamana)]] is confirmed to be safe in the study that was specifically conducted at [[Vasanta|vasant]] [[Ritu|ritu]]. The general wellness of the volunteers and patients was also seen to have improved.<ref name="ref23">Bhatted S, Shukla VD, Thakar A, Bhatt NN. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):181-6.</ref></span></li>

<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Vasantika [[vamana]] (therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis]] in [[Vasanta|spring]] season) - A preventive measure for [[Vyadhi|diseases]] of kapha origin: <span style="font-weight:normal">The study was conducted on 69 volunteers/patients who followed classical [[Vamana|vamana]] therapy. The therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis (vamana)]] is confirmed to be safe in the study that was specifically conducted at [[Vasanta|vasant]] [[Ritu|ritu]]. The general wellness of the volunteers and patients was also seen to have improved.<ref name="ref23">Bhatted S, Shukla VD, Thakar A, Bhatt NN. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):181-6.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Development of a reliable [[Dosha|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire: <span style="font-weight:normal">The goal of this study was to create a valid [[Dosha|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire with features appropriate for use in clinical research. The basis for developing 108 Dosha-specific test items with a 7-point Likert scale was a review of existing questionnaires and translations of classic Ayurvedic texts, along with an analysis of item-total correlations and ANOVAs by [[Dosha|Dosha]] for 735 responses to a 37-item ipsative questionnaire from an [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] company. From this, a 39-item quiz (13 for each [[Dosha|Dosha]]) was eventually created. This study shows that it is possible to reliably quantify the three [[Dosha|dosha]] for most clinical investigations.<ref name="ref24">Edwards MT, Streiner DL. Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire. Explore (NY). 2022 Sep-Oct;18(5):573-578.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Development of a reliable [[Dosha|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire: <span style="font-weight:normal">The goal of this study was to create a valid [[Dosha|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire with features appropriate for use in clinical research. The basis for developing 108 Dosha-specific test items with a 7-point Likert scale was a review of existing questionnaires and translations of classic Ayurvedic texts, along with an analysis of item-total correlations and ANOVAs by [[Dosha|Dosha]] for 735 responses to a 37-item ipsative questionnaire from an [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] company. From this, a 39-item quiz (13 for each [[Dosha|Dosha]]) was eventually created. This study shows that it is possible to reliably quantify the three [[Dosha|dosha]] for most clinical investigations.<ref name="ref24">Edwards MT, Streiner DL. Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire. Explore (NY). 2022 Sep-Oct;18(5):573-578.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Dosha as a predictor of [[Nidra|sleep]] quality: <span style="font-weight:normal">The present study was conducted on 995 people to see if there was any association between [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Nidra|sleep]] since [[Nidra|sleep]] is a result of increased kapha using standardized questionnaires. The findings imply that the [[Dosha|dosha]] can affect both the duration and quality of [[Nidra|sleep]]. The results of the study showed that kapha scores strongly predicted both the length of daytime naps in minutes [p<0.05] and daytime somnolence [p<0.05], with higher kapha scores being related to longer daytime naps.<ref name="ref25">Telles S, Pathak S, Kumar A, Mishra P, Balkrishna A. Ayurvedic doshas as predictors of sleep quality. Med Sci Monit. 2015 May 17;21:1421-7.</ref></span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Dosha as a predictor of [[Nidra|sleep]] quality: <span style="font-weight:normal">The present study was conducted on 995 people to see if there was any association between [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Nidra|sleep]] since [[Nidra|sleep]] is a result of increased kapha using standardized questionnaires. The findings imply that the [[Dosha|dosha]] can affect both the duration and quality of [[Nidra|sleep]]. The results of the study showed that kapha scores strongly predicted both the length of daytime naps in minutes [p<0.05] and daytime somnolence [p<0.05], with higher kapha scores being related to longer daytime naps.<ref name="ref25">Telles S, Pathak S, Kumar A, Mishra P, Balkrishna A. Ayurvedic doshas as predictors of sleep quality. Med Sci Monit. 2015 May 17;21:1421-7.</ref></span></li>

== Theses  done ==

== Theses  done ==

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li>KhandaleN.S.(2014): Conceptual and Applied study of Snigdha Guna of Kapha Dosha w s r ShariraBala.Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University.</li>

<ol style='text-align:justify;'><li>Khandale N.S.(2014): Conceptual and Applied study of Snigdha Guna of Kapha Dosha w s r Sharira Bala. Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University.</li>

<li>Sharad C.(2009): A study of “Taste perception of Madhur Rasa in Kaphadhikya Prakriti with special reference to BodhakKapha.Dept. of Kriya Sharir, College of ayurveda, pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth University.</li>

<li>Sharad C.(2009): A study of “Taste perception of Madhur Rasa in Kaphadhikya Prakriti with special reference to BodhakKapha.Dept. of Kriya Sharir, College of ayurveda, pune, Bharati Vidyapeeth University.</li>

<li>Chejara N. (1994):Avalambakakapha ka vaigyanikavivechana.  Dept. of Kriya Sharir, NIA, Jaipur. This study concluded that Pericardial fluid, Pleural fluid, Thyroid, Parathyroid & Thymus gland hormones  may be correlated with avalambakakapha.</li></ol>

<li>Chejara N. (1994): Avalambaka kapha ka vaigyanika vivechana.  Dept. of Kriya Sharira, NIA, Jaipur. This study concluded that Pericardial fluid, Pleural fluid, Thyroid, Parathyroid & Thymus gland hormones  may be correlated with avalambaka kapha.</li></ol>

<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>