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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of health and the treatment of [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] and 155 entitites in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref>  [A. Hri. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/3] All [[Dravya|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta|apa]], [[agni|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta|akasha]]). The [[Sharira|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. [[Dravya|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9]  Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of [[health]] and the treatment of [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] and 155 entities in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref>  [A. Hr. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/3] All [[Dravya|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta|apa]], [[agni|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta|akasha]]). The [[Sharira|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. [[Dravya|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9]  Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </div>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

* The vegetations that die when their fruits mature are called ‘aushadhi’. Example, the plants of banana and grain.<ref>Dev R.R.K., editor, (1st ed.). Shabdakalpadrum, Kand 1. Delhi: Amar Publications, 2018; 303.</ref>

* The vegetations that die when their fruits mature are called ‘aushadhi’. Example, the plants of banana and grain.<ref>Dev R.R.K., editor, (1st ed.). Shabdakalpadrum, Kand 1. Delhi: Amar Publications, 2018; 303.</ref>

The [[Rasa|rasa]] (essence) is called osa. Entity that contains this rasa is called ‘aushadhi’. As disease-free state is obtained through [[Rasa|rasa]], so the entity that contains [[Rasa|rasa]] is called aushadha.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 27. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 366.</ref>

The [[Rasa|rasa]] (essence) is called osa. Entity that contains this rasa is called ‘aushadhi’. As disease-free state is obtained through [[Rasa|rasa]], so the entity that contains [[Rasa|rasa]] is called aushadha.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 27. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 366.</ref>

* Aushadha is the plant which perish after fruits mature. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/73].

* Aushadha is the plant which perish after fruits mature. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/73].

'''Synonyms''' [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/3]

'''Synonyms''' [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/3]

* Chikitsita: That which alleviates disorders.

* Chikitsita: That which alleviates disorders.

* Vyadhihara: destroyer of [[Vyadhi|diseases]].

* Vyadhihara: destroyer of [[Vyadhi|diseases]].

== Classification ==

== Classification ==

<ol type="I">

<ol type="I">

<li>Aushadha is of two types- [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/4]</li>

<li>Aushadha is of two types- [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/4]</li>

<ol><li>That which promotes strength (and immunity).</li>

<ol><li>That which promotes strength (and immunity).</li>

<li>That which alleviates disorders.</li></ol>

<li>That which alleviates disorders.</li></ol>

<li>[[Shodhana|Shodhana]] aushadha: [[Shodhana|Shodhana]] (purification) is a therapy in which the aggravated [[Dosha|dosha]] is expelled from the [[Sharira|body]], thereby eliminating the internal causative factors of the [[Vyadhi|disease]].</br>Shodhan aushadha is again of two types:</li>

<li>[[Shodhana|Shodhana]] aushadha: [[Shodhana|Shodhana]] (purification) is a therapy in which the aggravated [[Dosha|dosha]] is expelled from the [[Sharira|body]], thereby eliminating the internal causative factors of the [[Vyadhi|disease]].</br>Shodhan aushadha is again of two types:</li>

<ol type="a"><li>[[Agneya|Agneya]] aushadha: Aushadha that are predominant in [[Agni mahabhuta|agni]] and [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu mahabhuta]].</li>

<ol type="a"><li>[[Agneya|Agneya]] aushadha: Aushadha that are predominant in [[Agni mahabhuta|agni]] and [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu mahabhuta]].</li>

<li>Soumya aushadha: Aushadha predominant in [[Jala mahabhuta|apa]], [[Akasha mahabhuta|akash]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]].</li></ol></ol>

<li>[[Soumya]] aushadha: Aushadha predominant in [[Jala mahabhuta|apa]], [[Akasha mahabhuta|akash]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]].</li></ol></ol>

<li>Sushruta mentioned that all [[Dravya|dravya]] is aushadha, and then classified aushadha into two:</li>

<li>Sushruta mentioned that all [[Dravya|dravya]] is aushadha, and then classified aushadha into two:</li>

<ol><li>Sthavara: Entities of plant origin are called sthavara. The sthavara are of four types:</li>

<ol><li>Sthavara: Entities of plant origin are called sthavara. The sthavara are of four types:</li>

== Assessment criteria ==

== Assessment criteria ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Qualities for assessing the superior nature of an aushadha are its abundant availability, effectiveness, capability to be converted into various pharmaceutical forms, and excellence of composition. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/7] Moreover, the aushadha possessing appropriate lightness, appearance, taste, roughness or softness, smell, grown in proper place, not vitiated by insects, and not burnt is considered a superior quality product.</div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Qualities for assessing the superior nature of an aushadha are its abundant availability, effectiveness, capability to be converted into various pharmaceutical forms, and excellence of composition. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/7] Moreover, the aushadha possessing appropriate lightness, appearance, taste, roughness or softness, smell, grown in proper place, not vitiated by insects, and not burnt is considered a superior quality product.</div>

== Characteristics ==

== Characteristics ==

=== Identification and proper administration of aushadha ===

=== Identification and proper administration of aushadha ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The aushadha are found in all vegetation like hills, forest, etc.; one may find it difficult to identify the correct aushadha. In this situation, help can be sought from the local goatherds, shepherds, cowherds, and other forest dwellers. The local people are accustomed to the aushadha of their respective areas by name and form. The aushadha may treat the patient if administered by the physician who knows the aushadha in its entirety or may prove lethal if administered by a physician who is unaware of the principles governing the correct application of aushadha. Thus, the patient should not take aushadha prescribed by psudo-physicians, nor by a physician who is not proficient in the principles governing the application of aushadha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana /121-133]  Only the substance which can bring about a cure, is a correct medicine. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/135].<br/>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The aushadha are found in all vegetation like hills, forest, etc.; one may find it difficult to identify the correct aushadha. In this situation, help can be sought from the local goatherds, shepherds, cowherds, and other forest dwellers. The local people are accustomed to the aushadha of their respective areas by name and form. The aushadha may treat the patient if administered by the physician who knows the aushadha in its entirety or may prove lethal if administered by a physician who is unaware of the principles governing the correct application of aushadha. Thus, the patient should not take aushadha prescribed by psudo-physicians, nor by a physician who is not proficient in the principles governing the application of aushadha. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] /121-133]  Only the substance which can bring about a cure, is a correct medicine. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/135].<br/>

The aushadha was identified in ancient era mainly by their morphological characteristics and aroma. Current advanced techniques for identification of herbs include DNA markers that use nucleotide sequences to identify species. This technique is tissue specific and has a high discriminating power.<ref>Showkat Hussain Ganie, Priti Upadhyay, Sandip Das, Maheshwer Prasad Sharma, Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers, Plant Gene, Volume 4, 2015, Pages 83-99, ISSN 2352-4073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002.</ref> Several researchers use DNA barcoding for identification of medicinal herbs.<ref>Chen S, Pang X, Song J, Shi L, Yao H, Han J, Leon C. A renaissance in herbal medicine identification: from morphology to DNA. Biotechnol Adv. 2014 Nov 15;32(7):1237-1244. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.004. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25087935.</ref> Researches are carried out to develop a modern smartphone leaf picture recognition tool for medicinal plants. This is a software that operates on the operating system Android. It will have two key functions, i.e. recognition of medicinal plants and quest data for medicinal plants.<ref>Medicinal Plant Identification Using Andr Oid Application Based On Leaf Image. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020; 7(9): 1496-1506. doi: 10.31838/ejmcm.07.09.161</ref> In Sri Lanka, a database was created from scanned images of leaves and flowers for identification of rare species of plants.<ref>A. D. A. D. S. Jayalath, T. G. A. G. D. Amarawanshaline, D. P. Nawinna, P. V. D. Nadeeshan and H. P. Jayasuriya, "Identification of Medicinal Plants by Visual Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers," 2019 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2019, pp. 125-129, doi: 10.1109/ICIIS47346.2019.9063275.</ref> Identification of medicinal herbs is also carried out based on their image using first order feature extraction and multiclass svm algorithm.<ref>R. I. Borman, F. Rossi, Y. Jusman, A. A. A. Rahni, S. D. Putra and A. Herdiansah, "Identification of Herbal Leaf Types Based on Their Image Using First Order Feature Extraction and Multiclass SVM Algorithm," 2021 1st International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS), 2021, pp. 12-17, doi: 10.1109/ICE3IS54102.2021.9649677.</ref></div>

The aushadha was identified in ancient era mainly by their morphological characteristics and aroma. Current advanced techniques for identification of herbs include DNA markers that use nucleotide sequences to identify species. This technique is tissue specific and has a high discriminating power.<ref>Showkat Hussain Ganie, Priti Upadhyay, Sandip Das, Maheshwer Prasad Sharma, Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers, Plant Gene, Volume 4, 2015, Pages 83-99, ISSN 2352-4073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002.</ref> Several researchers use DNA barcoding for identification of medicinal herbs.<ref>Chen S, Pang X, Song J, Shi L, Yao H, Han J, Leon C. A renaissance in herbal medicine identification: from morphology to DNA. Biotechnol Adv. 2014 Nov 15;32(7):1237-1244. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.004. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25087935.</ref> Researches are carried out to develop a modern smartphone leaf picture recognition tool for medicinal plants. This is a software that operates on the operating system Android. It will have two key functions, i.e. recognition of medicinal plants and quest data for medicinal plants.<ref>Medicinal Plant Identification Using Andr Oid Application Based On Leaf Image. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020; 7(9): 1496-1506. doi: 10.31838/ejmcm.07.09.161</ref> In Sri Lanka, a database was created from scanned images of leaves and flowers for identification of rare species of plants.<ref>A. D. A. D. S. Jayalath, T. G. A. G. D. Amarawanshaline, D. P. Nawinna, P. V. D. Nadeeshan and H. P. Jayasuriya, "Identification of Medicinal Plants by Visual Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers," 2019 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2019, pp. 125-129, doi: 10.1109/ICIIS47346.2019.9063275.</ref> Identification of medicinal herbs is also carried out based on their image using first order feature extraction and multiclass svm algorithm.<ref>R. I. Borman, F. Rossi, Y. Jusman, A. A. A. Rahni, S. D. Putra and A. Herdiansah, "Identification of Herbal Leaf Types Based on Their Image Using First Order Feature Extraction and Multiclass SVM Algorithm," 2021 1st International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS), 2021, pp. 12-17, doi: 10.1109/ICE3IS54102.2021.9649677.</ref></div>

<ol><li>Heena matra (insufficient dose): The quantity of administered aushadha less than its optimum dose is its heena matra. Heena matra is unable to treat [[Vyadhi|disease]] and does not bring about the homeostasis of [[Dhatu|dhatu]].</li>

<ol><li>Heena matra (insufficient dose): The quantity of administered aushadha less than its optimum dose is its heena matra. Heena matra is unable to treat [[Vyadhi|disease]] and does not bring about the homeostasis of [[Dhatu|dhatu]].</li>

<li>Ati matra (excess dose): The quantity of administered aushadha more than its optimum dose is its ati matra. The ati matra causes the vitiation of [[Tridosha|tridoshas]] leading to other undesired results. The ati matra of aushadha is excreted out of the body without being absorbed. It can lead to complications.</li></ol></ol>

<li>Ati matra (excess dose): The quantity of administered aushadha more than its optimum dose is its ati matra. The ati matra causes the vitiation of [[Tridosha|tridoshas]] leading to other undesired results. The ati matra of aushadha is excreted out of the body without being absorbed. It can lead to complications.</li></ol></ol>

<li>Aushadha matra (particularly in context to aushadha of snehapana i.e., oral administration of medicated [[Ghee|ghee]] or oil) can also be classified into:<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 22. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref><ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 16, Verse 17-18. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 212.</ref>    [Ast. Hri. Sutra Sthana 16/17-18]</li>

<li>Aushadha matra (particularly in context to aushadha of snehapana i.e., oral administration of medicated [[Ghee|ghee]] or oil) can also be classified into:<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 22. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref><ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 16, Verse 17-18. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 212.</ref>    [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 16/17-18]</li>

<ol type="A"><li>Laghu or hriswa matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 6 hours.</li>

<ol type="A"><li>Laghu or hriswa matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 6 hours.</li>

<li>Madhyam matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 12 hours.</li>

<li>Madhyam matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 12 hours.</li>

<ul><li>Vardhamana matra (increasing dose gradually): It is a dose which is progressively increased for a few days until the dose of aushadha reaches its optimum quantity. Then this dose is decreased gradually. This phenomenon avoids the dependency and withdrawl symptoms of aushadha. It protects the patient from an abrupt increase in the dose of aushadha in a short period. Aushadha administered in this way are vardhamana pippali rasayana, bhallataka kalpa, etc.</li>

<ul><li>Vardhamana matra (increasing dose gradually): It is a dose which is progressively increased for a few days until the dose of aushadha reaches its optimum quantity. Then this dose is decreased gradually. This phenomenon avoids the dependency and withdrawl symptoms of aushadha. It protects the patient from an abrupt increase in the dose of aushadha in a short period. Aushadha administered in this way are vardhamana pippali rasayana, bhallataka kalpa, etc.</li>

<li>Hrasiyasi matra (minimum dose): This dose of aushadha is smaller than the hriswa or laghu matra and thus gets digested before 6 hours. This dose is used as a test dose when the strength of the digestive system in unknown.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 23. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref></li></ul></ul>

<li>Hrasiyasi matra (minimum dose): This dose of aushadha is smaller than the hriswa or laghu matra and thus gets digested before 6 hours. This dose is used as a test dose when the strength of the digestive system in unknown.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 23. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref></li></ul></ul>

There is no specific common matra of aushadhi for everyone. The matra of aushadha of individual depends on time (kala), digestive capacity ([[Agni|agni]]), age (vaya), [[Bala|strength (bala)]], [[Sharira|body]] [[Prakriti|constitution (prakriti)]], [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Desha|habitat (desha)]].<ref>Sharangdhar purvakhand 1/37 Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Dipika on Sharangadhar Samhita of Sharangadhar, Purva Khanda; Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 37. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, 2011; 10.</ref>  [Cha. Sa. Kalpa Sthana 12/86].

There is no specific common matra of aushadhi for everyone. The matra of aushadha of individual depends on time (kala), digestive capacity ([[Agni|agni]]), age (vaya), [[Bala|strength (bala)]], [[Sharira|body]] [[Prakriti|constitution (prakriti)]], [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Desha|habitat (desha)]].<ref>Sharangdhar purvakhand 1/37 Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Dipika on Sharangadhar Samhita of Sharangadhar, Purva Khanda; Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 37. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, 2011; 10.</ref>  [Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/86].

=== Time of consumption of aushadha ===

=== Time of consumption of aushadha ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The pharmacokinetics of aushadha is dependent on the biological rhythm of the [[Sharira|body]]. Thus, to obtain maximum health benefits, aushadha must be administered at proper time depending on the patient's [[Vyadhi|disease]], strength, and age. Bheshaj kala (or aushadha sevana kala or aushadha apeksha kala) is the proper time for administration of aushadha. Ashtang Sangraha mentioned eleven<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 12. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 428.</ref>; Charak [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/298], Sushruta<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Uttar Tantra; Swasthavrittam Adhyaya: Chapter 64, Verse 67. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2016; 624.</ref> [Su. Sa. Uttara Tantra 64/67], Ashtangh Hridaya<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutra Sthana; Doshopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 37. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 190.</ref> [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 13/37] and Kashyap<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 52. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 369.</ref> mentioned ten aushadha sevan kala. Sharangadhara<ref>Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Dipika on Sharangadhar Samhita of Pandita Sharangadharacharya, Purva Khanda; Bhaishajyakhyan: Chapter 2, Verse 2-3. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, 2011; 24.</ref> mentioned five suitable periods of administration of aushadha (aushadha kala). The aushadha  kala are as below: [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/298]

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The pharmacokinetics of aushadha is dependent on the biological rhythm of the [[Sharira|body]]. Thus, to obtain maximum health benefits, aushadha must be administered at proper time depending on the patient's [[Vyadhi|disease]], strength, and age. Bheshaj kala (or aushadha sevana kala or aushadha apeksha kala) is the proper time for administration of aushadha. Ashtang Sangraha mentioned eleven<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 12. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 428.</ref>; Charak [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/298], Sushruta<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Uttar Tantra; Swasthavrittam Adhyaya: Chapter 64, Verse 67. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2016; 624.</ref> [Su. Sa. Uttara Tantra 64/67], Ashtangh Hridaya<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutra Sthana; Doshopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 37. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 190.</ref> [A. Hri. Sutra Sthana 13/37] and Kashyap<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 52. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 369.</ref> mentioned ten [[Aushadha Sevan Kala|aushadha sevan kala]]. Sharangadhara<ref>Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Dipika on Sharangadhar Samhita of Pandita Sharangadharacharya, Purva Khanda; Bhaishajyakhyan: Chapter 2, Verse 2-3. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, 2011; 24.</ref> mentioned five suitable periods of administration of aushadha (aushadha kala). The aushadha  kala are as below: [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/298]

<ol><li>A strong patient must consume aushadha empty stomach in the morning</li>

<ol><li>A strong patient must consume aushadha empty stomach in the morning</li>