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=== Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha ===
=== Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha ===
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The action of aushadha may either increase or decrease when used in combination with other aushadha. It may show a synergistic effect with combined positive interactions with other ingredients. Their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each aushadha is given alone. A synergism can be observed in the combination of ''Momordica charantia'' (Bitter guard) and conventional hypoglycaemic drugs. ''Momordica charantia'' extract when clinically co-administered with 50% of the full clinical doses of allopathic or conventional drugs, metformin and glibenclamide, greater hypoglycemic (decreased serum glucose) effect was observed in patients as compared to full clinical doses of metformin or glibenclamide alone thereby exhibiting additive and synergy effects.</br>On the contrary, the aushadha may also show an antagonistic effect in which one aushadha decreases or nullifies the action of other aushadha. For example, in the formulation lashuna ksheerapaka, lashuna (Allium sativum) is processed in milk. The milk acts antagonistically on the sharp effects (teekshna guna) of lashuna.<ref>Shobha Hiremath, G. (2000). A textbook of bhaishjya kalpana. Panchavidha Kalpana (pp. 110). Bengaluru, India: IBH Prakashana.</ref></div>
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The action of aushadha may either increase or decrease when used in combination with other aushadha. It may show a synergistic effect with combined positive interactions with other ingredients. Their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each aushadha is given alone. A synergism can be observed in the combination of ''Momordica charantia'' (Bitter guard) and conventional hypoglycaemic drugs. ''Momordica charantia'' extract when clinically co-administered with 50% of the full clinical doses of allopathic or conventional drugs, metformin and glibenclamide, greater hypoglycemic (decreased serum glucose) effect was observed in patients as compared to full clinical doses of metformin or glibenclamide alone thereby exhibiting additive and synergy effects.</br>On the contrary, the aushadha may also show an antagonistic effect in which one aushadha decreases or nullifies the action of other aushadha. For example, in the formulation lashuna ksheerapaka, lashuna (Allium sativum) is processed in milk. The milk acts antagonistically on the sharp effects (teekshna guna) of lashuna.<ref>Shobha Hiremath, G. (2000). A textbook of bhaishjya kalpana. Panchavidha Kalpana (pp. 110). Bengaluru, India: IBH Prakashana.</ref></div>
== Importance of concept ==
<ul><li>Administration of aushadha of the opposite quality of aggravated dosha brings success in treatment.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 422-423.</ref> Thus it is important to learn the qualities of aushadha.</li>
<li>Aushadhi is a non-invasive tool to treat diseases. The knowledge of aushadha helps physicians cure, delay, or prevent disease; ease symptoms; or help diagnose illnesses. Importance of the concept of aushadha can be understood by the fact that almost all systems of medicine around the world contain a branch dedicated to the knowledge of aushadha. For example, dravyaguna, rasa shastra and bhaishajya kalpana in Ayurveda, Pharmacology in allopathy, Ilmul Advia in Unani, etc.</li>
<li>Concept of aushadhi helps understand the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, half life, potency, synergistic, antagonistic, side-effects and other concerned effects of aushadi.</li>
</ul>
== Current researches ==
<ol style='text-align:justify;'>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">An emphasis on agrya aushadhi in Ashtanga Hridaya<ref>Keerthana J, Hegde PL, Javagal V. An emphasis on agrya aushadhi w.s.r to astanga hridaya. Int J Health Sci Res. 2019; 9(6):323-326.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Importance of use of single aushadh (ekala dravya prayoga) is highlighted in Ayurveda. In agrya prakarana (list of best medicines), most of the single dravya are mentioned. Agrya dravya is the initial step of drug selection, and in a dilemma, one can incorporate its utility without doubt. The number of agrya mentioned in ashtang hridaya is less when compared to other classics. These dravya are sufficient enough to cure most of the diseases. It also helps practitioners to select the drug, keeping in view of disease condition, the strength of the person, and the availability of drugs.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on route of drug administration in Ayurveda<ref>Review on Route of Drug Administration in Ayurveda. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 20/21; 7(11): 8181-8188.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">The route of drug administration is selected for its better and quick absorption. Different routes of administration will have different sites of action. To treat and prevent ophthalmic diseases, medicines are given in eyes. It will have direct interaction of drug with the target site. Different procedures are being explained to administer the drug through the eyes (akshi marga), like seka (ocular therapy by streaming), ashchyotana (eye drops), pindi (fastening medicinal bolus to the eyes), bidalaka (application of medicated paste on the outer part of eyes) , tarpana (therapeutic retention of medicated liquids over the eyes), putapaka (installation of medicated juices in the eyes), anjana (collyrium). Likewise, different routes of administration are utilized for better efficacy. Per rectal administration, therapeutic enema (basti), and nasal therapy (nasya) are the most utilized routes for different diseases.</span></li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">Logistics of time of administration of drugs in Ayurveda<ref>Logistics of Time of Administration of Drugs in Ayurveda. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2021; 10(3): 418-427.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aushadha sevan kala (time of drug administration) is considered an essential tool in the ayurvedic treatment protocol. The potency of medicine increases when it is administered at the right time. The first, second, and third parts of age, day, night, and stages of digestion of food are dominated by kapha, pitta, and vata, respectively. Also various agni in body vary chronologically in day and life. Less dose of medicine is required if it is given at a proper time.</span></li>
</ol>
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