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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The aushadha are found in all vegetation like hills, forest, etc.; one may find it difficult to identify the correct aushadha. In this situation, help can be sought from the local goatherds, shepherds, cowherds, and other forest dwellers. The local people are accustomed to the aushadha of their respective areas by name and form. The aushadha may treat the patient if administered by the physician who knows the aushadha in its entirety or may prove lethal if administered by a physician who is unaware of the principles governing the correct application of aushadha. Thus, the patient should not take aushadha prescribed by psudo-physicians, nor by a physician who is not proficient in the principles governing the application of aushadha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana /121-133] Only the substance which can bring about a cure, is a correct medicine. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/135].<br/>
<div style='text-align:justify;'>The aushadha are found in all vegetation like hills, forest, etc.; one may find it difficult to identify the correct aushadha. In this situation, help can be sought from the local goatherds, shepherds, cowherds, and other forest dwellers. The local people are accustomed to the aushadha of their respective areas by name and form. The aushadha may treat the patient if administered by the physician who knows the aushadha in its entirety or may prove lethal if administered by a physician who is unaware of the principles governing the correct application of aushadha. Thus, the patient should not take aushadha prescribed by psudo-physicians, nor by a physician who is not proficient in the principles governing the application of aushadha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana /121-133] Only the substance which can bring about a cure, is a correct medicine. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/135].<br/>
The aushadha was identified in ancient era mainly by their morphological characteristics and aroma. Current advanced techniques for identification of herbs include DNA markers that use nucleotide sequences to identify species. This technique is tissue specific and has a high discriminating power.<ref>Showkat Hussain Ganie, Priti Upadhyay, Sandip Das, Maheshwer Prasad Sharma, Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers, Plant Gene, Volume 4, 2015, Pages 83-99, ISSN 2352-4073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002.</ref> Several researchers use DNA barcoding for identification of medicinal herbs.<ref>Chen S, Pang X, Song J, Shi L, Yao H, Han J, Leon C. A renaissance in herbal medicine identification: from morphology to DNA. Biotechnol Adv. 2014 Nov 15;32(7):1237-1244. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.004. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25087935.</ref> Researches are carried out to develop a modern smartphone leaf picture recognition tool for medicinal plants. This is a software that operates on the operating system Android. It will have two key functions, i.e. recognition of medicinal plants and quest data for medicinal plants.<ref>Medicinal Plant Identification Using Andr Oid Application Based On Leaf Image. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020; 7(9): 1496-1506. doi: 10.31838/ejmcm.07.09.161</ref> In Sri Lanka, a database was created from scanned images of leaves and flowers for identification of rare species of plants.<ref>A. D. A. D. S. Jayalath, T. G. A. G. D. Amarawanshaline, D. P. Nawinna, P. V. D. Nadeeshan and H. P. Jayasuriya, "Identification of Medicinal Plants by Visual Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers," 2019 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2019, pp. 125-129, doi: 10.1109/ICIIS47346.2019.9063275.</ref> Identification of medicinal herbs is also carried out based on their image using first order feature extraction and multiclass svm algorithm.<ref>R. I. Borman, F. Rossi, Y. Jusman, A. A. A. Rahni, S. D. Putra and A. Herdiansah, "Identification of Herbal Leaf Types Based on Their Image Using First Order Feature Extraction and Multiclass SVM Algorithm," 2021 1st International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS), 2021, pp. 12-17, doi: 10.1109/ICE3IS54102.2021.9649677.</ref></div>
The aushadha was identified in ancient era mainly by their morphological characteristics and aroma. Current advanced techniques for identification of herbs include DNA markers that use nucleotide sequences to identify species. This technique is tissue specific and has a high discriminating power.<ref>Showkat Hussain Ganie, Priti Upadhyay, Sandip Das, Maheshwer Prasad Sharma, Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers, Plant Gene, Volume 4, 2015, Pages 83-99, ISSN 2352-4073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002.</ref> Several researchers use DNA barcoding for identification of medicinal herbs.<ref>Chen S, Pang X, Song J, Shi L, Yao H, Han J, Leon C. A renaissance in herbal medicine identification: from morphology to DNA. Biotechnol Adv. 2014 Nov 15;32(7):1237-1244. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.004. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25087935.</ref> Researches are carried out to develop a modern smartphone leaf picture recognition tool for medicinal plants. This is a software that operates on the operating system Android. It will have two key functions, i.e. recognition of medicinal plants and quest data for medicinal plants.<ref>Medicinal Plant Identification Using Andr Oid Application Based On Leaf Image. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020; 7(9): 1496-1506. doi: 10.31838/ejmcm.07.09.161</ref> In Sri Lanka, a database was created from scanned images of leaves and flowers for identification of rare species of plants.<ref>A. D. A. D. S. Jayalath, T. G. A. G. D. Amarawanshaline, D. P. Nawinna, P. V. D. Nadeeshan and H. P. Jayasuriya, "Identification of Medicinal Plants by Visual Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers," 2019 14th Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2019, pp. 125-129, doi: 10.1109/ICIIS47346.2019.9063275.</ref> Identification of medicinal herbs is also carried out based on their image using first order feature extraction and multiclass svm algorithm.<ref>R. I. Borman, F. Rossi, Y. Jusman, A. A. A. Rahni, S. D. Putra and A. Herdiansah, "Identification of Herbal Leaf Types Based on Their Image Using First Order Feature Extraction and Multiclass SVM Algorithm," 2021 1st International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS), 2021, pp. 12-17, doi: 10.1109/ICE3IS54102.2021.9649677.</ref></div>
=== Dose (matra) of aushadha ===
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li>Matra is a measure of any kind, quantity, size, duration, number, degree, etc. Aushadha matra can be divided into:</li>
<ol type="A"><li>Matravat aushadha: When aushadha is administered in optimum dose.</li>
<li>Amatravat aushadha: When aushadha is administered in improper dose. Amatravat aushadha can be divided into</li>
<ol><li>Heena matra (insufficient dose): The quantity of administered aushadha less than its optimum dose is its heena matra. Heena matra is unable to treat disease and does not bring about the homeostasis of dhatu.</li>
<li>Ati matra (excess dose): The quantity of administered aushadha more than its optimum dose is its ati matra. The ati matra causes the vitiation of tridoshas leading to other undesired results. The ati matra of aushadha is excreted out of the body without being absorbed. It can lead to complications.</li></ol></ol>
<li>Aushadha matra (particularly in context to aushadha of snehapana i.e., oral administration of medicated ghee or oil) can also be classified into:<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 22. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref><ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 16, Verse 17-18. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 212.</ref> [Ast. Hri. Sutra Sthana 16/17-18]</li>
<ol type="A"><li>Laghu or hriswa matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 6 hours.</li>
<li>Madhyam matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 12 hours.</li>
<li>Uttam matra: The quantity of aushadha that gets digested in 24 hours.</li></ol>
<li>Other special matras mentioned for aushadha are as follows:</li>
<ul><li>Vardhamana matra (increasing dose gradually): It is a dose which is progressively increased for a few days until the dose of aushadha reaches its optimum quantity. Then this dose is decreased gradually. This phenomenon avoids the dependency and withdrawl symptoms of aushadha. It protects the patient from an abrupt increase in the dose of aushadha in a short period. Aushadha administered in this way are vardhamana pippali rasayana, bhallataka kalpa, etc.</li>
<li>Hrasiyasi matra (minimum dose): This dose of aushadha is smaller than the hriswa or laghu matra and thus gets digested before 6 hours. This dose is used as a test dose when the strength of the digestive system in unknown.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Snehavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 23. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 452.</ref></li></ul></ul>
There is no specific common matra of aushadhi for everyone. The matra of aushadha of individual depends on time (kala), digestive capacity (agni), age (vaya), strength (bala), body constitution (prakriti), dosha and habitat (desha).<ref>Sharangdhar purvakhand 1/37 Tripathi B, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Dipika on Sharangadhar Samhita of Sharangadhar, Purva Khanda; Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 37. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan, 2011; 10.</ref> [Cha. Sa. Kalpa Sthana 12/86].
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