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The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]

The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]

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Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions.(SAT-A.159)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. Intellect. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 13, 2021, 20:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellect&oldid=1017624289. Accessed June 30, 2021.</ref>Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and smriti (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence.  

Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions.(SAT-A.159)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. Intellect. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 13, 2021, 20:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellect&oldid=1017624289. Accessed June 30, 2021.</ref>Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and [[Smruti (memory)|smriti]] (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence.  

All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.

All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in [[Ayurveda]], its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.

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The lifestyle of an individual depends upon his choices of daily living and habits. The intellect plays a key role in the decision-making of an individual. It differentiates between good and bad, beneficial and harmful perceived information. Then acquires the good and beneficial things for the preservation of health. In an abnormal state of intellect ([[prajnaparadha]]), the person indulges in bad and harmful objects. This disorganization of selection, discrimination and decision process leads to diseases. [[Prajnaparadha]] is one of the fundamental causes of disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]

The lifestyle of an individual depends upon his choices of daily living and habits. The intellect plays a key role in the decision-making of an individual. It differentiates between good and bad, beneficial and harmful perceived information. Then acquires the good and beneficial things for the preservation of health. In an abnormal state of intellect ([[prajnaparadha]]), the person indulges in bad and harmful objects. This disorganization of selection, discrimination and decision process leads to diseases. [[Prajnaparadha]] is one of the fundamental causes of disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]

One who is endowed with excellent intellectual faculty, submissive mind, clear understanding and knowledge that results in positive speech and actions is not affected by diseases. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/47] Therefore, the preservation of buddhi is crucial for the preservation of health and prevention of diseases.  

One who is endowed with excellent intellectual faculty, submissive [[Manas|mind]], clear understanding and knowledge that results in positive speech and actions is not affected by [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/47] Therefore, the preservation of buddhi is crucial for the preservation of [[health]] and prevention of [[Vyadhi|diseases]].  

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Buddhi is the primary component of cognition in the process of knowledge (jnanotpatti) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/22-23]. It is one of the tools or instruments of knowledge called “karana”. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/56]   

Buddhi is the primary component of cognition in the process of knowledge (jnanotpatti) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/22-23]. It is one of the tools or instruments of knowledge called “karana”. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/56]   

It is a quality ([[guna]]) attributed to the soul ([[atma]]) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]1/49, 8/13]. It is a characteristic feature showing the presence of soul (atma) in a physical body. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/72]

It is a quality ([[guna]]) attributed to the soul ([[atma]]) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]1/49, 8/13]. It is a characteristic feature showing the presence of soul ([[atma]]) in a physical [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/72]

In Indian philosophy, the theories of the origin of the universe (srishtyutpatti) consider the supreme intellect (buddhi/ mahat tatwa) as one of the sixteen derivatives (shodasha vikara).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/63]

In Indian philosophy, the theories of the origin of the universe (srishtyutpatti) consider the supreme intellect (buddhi/ mahat tatwa) as one of the sixteen derivatives (shodasha vikara).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/63]

Understanding the truth or anything in its original form is called as “satya buddhi.” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/38],[Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/142-143]  

Understanding the truth or anything in its original form is called as “satya buddhi.” [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/38],[Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/142-143]  

This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/53-54] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/58 ]  Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]   

This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous [[Vyadhi|diseases]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/53-54] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/58 ]  Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]   

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===Embryological development===  

===Embryological development===  

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In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]  

In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from [[Atma|soul]] (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]  

The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref>  onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.

The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref>  onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in [[Garbha|foetus]].

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===Site of buddhi===

===Site of buddhi===

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The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The  "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13]  Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]

The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The  "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13]  Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Bhela Samhita]

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===Sensory perceptions===

===Sensory perceptions===

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The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]

The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions ([[indriya]] buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and [[Manas|mind]]. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]

The following table shows the association of [[indriya]] buddhi and associated areas in brain.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant, Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors, Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2020;8(6):23-30.</ref>

The following table shows the association of [[indriya]] buddhi and associated areas in brain.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant, Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors, Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2020;8(6):23-30.</ref>

Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]

Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]

A study was conducted to analyze the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>

A study was conducted to analyze the relation between physical constitution ([[deha prakriti]]) and mental constitution ([[Manas prakriti|manasa prakṛiti]]) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>

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===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===

===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===

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The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties (jnanendriya) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including mind, ego, and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of mind. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].

The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties ([[Indriya|jnanendriya]]) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including [[Manas|mind]], [[Ahamkara|ego]], and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of [[Manas|mind]]. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].

In the current view, cognitive functions include perception, attention, memory, learning, decision making, language abilities etc.<ref>Kiely, Kim (2014). "Cognitive function". In Michalos, Kim M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer. pp. 974–978.</ref> The process is carried out in the brain and nervous system. In perception, physical and chemical stimulation of the sensory system and transmission of signals through the nervous system to the brain occurs. Perception is influenced by the person’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention.<ref>Bernstein, Douglas A. (5 March 2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124.</ref> The perception, learning, and memory formation are explained based on the concept of synapses of neurons. The pre and post-synaptic neurons and their inter-cellular and intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for these functions. Recent studies state that the star-shaped cells called astrocytes occupy half of the brain volume. Earlier it was thought to have only structural and metabolic functions. They have a specific role in cognitive functions like learning, perception, conscious processing, and memory formation.<ref>Alfredo P Jr, Pereira MA, Furlan FA. Recent advances in brain physiology and cognitive processing. Mens Sana Monogr. 2011;9(1):183-192. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.77434</ref>  

In the current view, cognitive functions include perception, attention, memory, learning, decision making, language abilities etc.<ref>Kiely, Kim (2014). "Cognitive function". In Michalos, Kim M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer. pp. 974–978.</ref> The process is carried out in the brain and nervous system. In perception, physical and chemical stimulation of the sensory system and transmission of signals through the nervous system to the brain occurs. Perception is influenced by the person’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention.<ref>Bernstein, Douglas A. (5 March 2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124.</ref> The perception, learning, and memory formation are explained based on the concept of synapses of neurons. The pre and post-synaptic neurons and their inter-cellular and intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for these functions. Recent studies state that the star-shaped cells called astrocytes occupy half of the brain volume. Earlier it was thought to have only structural and metabolic functions. They have a specific role in cognitive functions like learning, perception, conscious processing, and memory formation.<ref>Alfredo P Jr, Pereira MA, Furlan FA. Recent advances in brain physiology and cognitive processing. Mens Sana Monogr. 2011;9(1):183-192. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.77434</ref>  

   

   

Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with mind and soul, its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.

Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with [[Manas|mind]] and [[Atma|soul]], its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.

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==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==  

==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==  

*Sudden diminution of intellectual abilities is a poor prognostic sign. [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 11/7]

*Sudden diminution of intellectual abilities is a poor prognostic sign. [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 11/7]

*Psychosis disorders (unmada) and seizure disorders (apasmara) are two major disorders with direct pathological involvement of intellectual faculty (buddhi). Psychosis (unmada) is characterized by cognitive distortion related to mind, intellect, consciousness, knowledge, memory, desire, attitude, activities and behavior. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]]7/5]  

*Psychosis disorders ([[unmada]]) and seizure disorders ([[apasmara]]) are two major disorders with direct pathological involvement of intellectual faculty (buddhi). Psychosis (unmada) is characterized by cognitive distortion related to mind, intellect, consciousness, knowledge, memory, desire, attitude, activities and behavior. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]]7/5]

*Seizure disorders (apasmara) develop due to perversion of memory, intellect and other mental faculties. It is characterized by transient loss of consciousness associated with aberrant activities. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]]8/5]

*Seizure disorders ([[apasmara]]) develop due to perversion of memory, intellect and other mental faculties. It is characterized by transient loss of consciousness associated with aberrant activities. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 8/5]

*The condition characterized by severe distortion of intellectual functions is called as “atattwabhinivesha”. It is a dreadful disease (mahagada). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/60]

*The condition characterized by severe distortion of intellectual functions is called as “atattwabhinivesha”. It is a dreadful disease (mahagada). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/60]

*Poor functioning of intellect (abuddhitwam) is one of the diagnostic criteria (bahu dosha lakshana) for purification therapy (shodhana).[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/15]

*Poor functioning of intellect (abuddhitwam) is one of the diagnostic criteria (bahu [[dosha]] lakshana) for purification therapy ([[shodhana]]).[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/15]

==Importance in management of disease ==

==Importance in management of disease ==

Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of health. Purification therapy (shodhana chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]  

Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of [[health]]. Purification therapy ([[shodhana]] chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]  

Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>

Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>

===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===

===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===

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The diagnosis and treatment of any disease in Ayurveda is based upon mainly four means of knowledge. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17]

The diagnosis and treatment of any [[Vyadhi|disease]] in [[Ayurveda]] is based upon mainly four means of knowledge. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17]

a)Verbal testimony / textual knowledge/authoritative statements (aptopadesha) [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 4/4]

a)Verbal testimony / textual knowledge/authoritative statements ([[aptopadesha]]) [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 4/4]

b)Direct perception (pratyaksha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/20]

b)Direct perception ([[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]]) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/20]

c)Inference (anumana) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/40]

c)Inference ([[Anumana pramana|anumana]]) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/40]

d)Logical reasoning (yukti) [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/25]

d)Logical reasoning ([[Yukti pramana|yukti]]) [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/25]

Intellect (buddhi) of physician plays a significant role in understanding the verbal testimony (history of the disease), direct observations (examinations), and forming the inference as well as logical reasoning at  the higher level.  

Intellect (buddhi) of physician plays a significant role in understanding the verbal testimony (history of the disease), direct observations (examinations), and forming the inference as well as logical reasoning at  the higher level.  

   

   

Personified diagnosis, interpretation of pathological findings, pathogenesis (samprapti), prognosis, and treatment depends upon the physician's intelligence. Inherent and acquired intelligence are important in healthcare management.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 10/22], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/47]

Personified diagnosis, interpretation of pathological findings, pathogenesis ([[samprapti]]), prognosis, and treatment depends upon the physician's intelligence. Inherent and acquired intelligence are important in healthcare management.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 10/22], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/47]

Through experience and acquired intellectual skills, an ideal physician can connect with the patient's soul and experience his suffering state. Then he can try to cure the disease at its root level. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/12]

Through experience and acquired intellectual skills, an ideal physician can connect with the patient's soul and experience his suffering state. Then he can try to cure the disease at its root level. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/12]

==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==

==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==

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Ghee (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]  

[[Ghee]] (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]  

The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>  

The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>  

Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:

Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:

a)Powder of Saussurea lappa (kushtha) with honey and ghee

a)Powder of Saussurea lappa (kushtha) with [[honey]] and [[ghee]]

b)Powder of Bacopa monnieri (matsyakshaka), Convolvulus pluricaulis(shankhapushpi) with honey and ghee.

b)Powder of Bacopa monnieri (matsyakshaka), Convolvulus pluricaulis ([[shankhapushpi]]) with [[honey]] and [[ghee]].

c)Powder of Holostemma ada-kodien (arkapushpi), Acorus calamus Linn.(vacha) with honey and ghee.

c)Powder of Holostemma ada-kodien (arkapushpi), Acorus calamus Linn.([[vacha]]) with [[honey]] and [[ghee]].

d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with honey and ghee.[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]

d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with [[honey]] and [[ghee]].[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]

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Following herbs are known to promote intellectual functions and used in the management of disorders of intellect.  

Following herbs are known to promote intellectual functions and used in the management of disorders of intellect.  

*The juice of Centella asiatica (mandukaparni)

*The juice of Centella asiatica ([[mandukaparni]])

   

   

*The powder of Glycyrrhiza glabra (yashtimadhu) with milk

*The powder of Glycyrrhiza glabra ([[yashtimadhu]]) with milk

*The juice of Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)  

*The juice of Tinospora cordifolia ([[guduchi]])

*The paste of Convolvulus pluricaulis (shankhapushpi) are considered especially as intellect promoting (medhya rasayana). [Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30-31]

*The paste of Convolvulus pluricaulis ([[shankhapushpi]]) are considered especially as intellect promoting (medhya [[rasayana]]). [Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/3/30-31]

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*A study on 150 healthy individuals showed that the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]], moderate in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] and least in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals. In [[manas prakriti]], IQ is more in sattvika [[prakriti]], moderate in rajasika [[prakriti]] and least in tamasika [[prakriti]]. The other factors which influence IQ levels in the individuals are socio-economic status (IQ is less in lower classes when compared to others), education (higher the education, higher the IQ), diet (vegetarian diet influences IQ positively) and temperament (normal individuals have more IQ in comparison to calm and aggressive individuals).<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Ancient Sci Life [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 Aug 29];35:201-6. Available from: https://www.ancientscienceoflife.org/text.asp?2016/35/4/201/188184</ref>

*A study on 150 healthy individuals showed that the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]], moderate in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] and least in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals. In [[manas prakriti]], IQ is more in sattvika [[prakriti]], moderate in rajasika [[prakriti]] and least in tamasika [[prakriti]]. The other factors which influence IQ levels in the individuals are socio-economic status (IQ is less in lower classes when compared to others), education (higher the education, higher the IQ), diet (vegetarian diet influences IQ positively) and temperament (normal individuals have more IQ in comparison to calm and aggressive individuals).<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Ancient Sci Life [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 Aug 29];35:201-6. Available from: https://www.ancientscienceoflife.org/text.asp?2016/35/4/201/188184</ref>

*A placebo controlled clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.( yashtimadhu )granules on intelligence quotient (IQ). The trial drug in a dose of 12 g per day with lukewarm milk in 94 school-going children aged between 14-16 years showed enhancement in IQ.<ref>Sheshagiri S, Patel KS, Rajagopala S. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical study on enhancement of Medha (intelligence quotient) in school going children with Yahstimadhu granules. Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar;36(1):56-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.169011. PMID: 26730140; PMCID: PMC4687241.</ref>

*A placebo controlled clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.( [[yashtimadhu]] ) granules on intelligence quotient (IQ). The trial drug in a dose of 12 g per day with lukewarm milk in 94 school-going children aged between 14-16 years showed enhancement in IQ.<ref>Sheshagiri S, Patel KS, Rajagopala S. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical study on enhancement of Medha (intelligence quotient) in school going children with Yahstimadhu granules. Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar;36(1):56-62. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.169011. PMID: 26730140; PMCID: PMC4687241.</ref>

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1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of Manasa Prakriti and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.

1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of [[Manas prakriti|Manasa Prakriti]] and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.

2.Neeta Patel(2008): The Conceptual and Applied study of Medha and Manas in Ayurveda, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar

2.Neeta Patel(2008): The Conceptual and Applied study of Medha and [[Manas]] in Ayurveda, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar

3.Amruta Gaikwad, (2011) “A Comparative Pharmaco-Clinical study of the effect of Madhu-Ghrita and Swarna-Vacha-Madhu-Ghrita on Neonates”, Department of Kaumaabhrutya, I.P.G.T. &R.A., Jamnagar

3.Amruta Gaikwad, (2011) “A Comparative Pharmaco-Clinical study of the effect of Madhu-Ghrita and Swarna-Vacha-Madhu-Ghrita on Neonates”, Department of Kaumarabhritya, I.P.G.T. &R.A., Jamnagar

4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum

4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum