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==Location==
==Location==
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The processes of digestion and metabolism by bhutagni (bhutagnipaka) take place in the liver (yakrit). The liver (yakrit) is functionally and anatomically related to the gut (antahkoshtha). Liver is the site of most of those reactions which involves alteration of foreign compounds which can be mobilized. Hence it can be stated that the bhutagni is located and works mainly in these parts. [A.S. Sharira Sthana 6/59-60]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>, [A.H. ShariraSthana 3/59-61]
The processes of digestion and metabolism by bhutagni (bhutagnipaka) take place in the liver (yakrit). The liver (yakrit) is functionally and anatomically related to the gut (antahkoshtha). Liver is the site of most of those reactions which involves alteration of foreign compounds which can be mobilized. Hence it can be stated that the bhutagni is located and works mainly in these parts. [A.S. Sharira Sthana 6/59-60]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>, [A.H. Sharira Sthana 3/59-61]
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==Process / stages of bhutagnipaka:==
==Mode of action of bhutagni:==
All sense and motor organs ([[indriya]]) and mind ([[manas]]) are evolved from [[panchamahabhuta]]. The bhutagni is responsible for digestion and replenishing their corresponding substances with the attributes of smell, taste, radiance, touch, and sound, respectively. Thus bhutagni acts on nourishment of their corresponding [[indriya]], too. Bhutagni, nourishes its respective [[guna]] in the body. The smell, taste, sound, touch, and feeling of the food nourishes repective [[indriya]] in the [[purusha]].
After ingestion, the food material is first dealt by jatharagni. After this process, reduction of the foodstuff to elemental substances is carried out. Based on their physiochemical properties, the substances are classed under panchabhautika groups i.e. parthiva, apya, agneya, vayavya, and nabhasa. [[Agni]] present in the molecules of each group, the parthivagni in parthiva group the apyaagni in apya group and so forth, digests the entire molecules leading to complete changes in its qualities. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/12-13] [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/526]<ref name=Susruta/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Bhutagni and its corresponding element
|-
! S.No. !! Bhautic groups !! Bhutagni !! Corresponding element
|-
| | 1. || Parthiva || Parthivagni || structral constituents of body i.e. proteins, muscles (peshi), vessels (sira), ligaments (snayu), tendons (kandara), bones and cartilages.
|-
| | 2. || Apya || Apyagni ||Body fluids like plasma, tissue fluids, lymph, adipose tissue & other lipid-containing structures like globulin and lipoproteins. Yellow & red bone marrow, male and female reproductive elements.
|-
| | 3. || [[Tejas]] || Agneyagni ||Elements constituting R.B.C., enzymes; metals and minerals like fe, cu, Co, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cl, I etc. & many energy locked substances, eg. phosphorus linked sugars, vitamins (coenzymes), some hormones like thyroxin, bones & cartilages
|-
| | 4. || [[Vayu]] || Vayavyagni ||Constituents required for the synthesis of neural structures and certain hormones like acetyl choline and sympathin etc., bones & cartilages,
|-
| | 5. || [[Akasha]] || Nabhasagni ||Empty spaces and cavities required for physiological processes
==Functions==
*Digestion and metabolism of corresponding elements of food substance
*Nourishment of [[indriya]]
*For replenishment of [[guna]] in the body
Bhutagni is required for the third stage of digestion, which forms unique material for the sense organs. Five bhutagni exist for taking the five elements portion of the digested food mass and converting them into nourishing substances for the five sense organs. Some of these specialized materials are the rods and cones responsible for photosensitivity in the eye, special liquids around the taste buds on the tongue, the mucus membrane material inside the nose that aids in smell, and special cartilage forming the architecture of the ear. Such substances specific to each sense organ are prepared by bhutagni. [Cha.Sa.[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/3-4, 12-14]
==Contemporary approach==
Bhutagnipaka functions start immediately after absorption i.e. portal circulation to liver. It ends before assimilation by delivering transient nourishing components (asthayidhatwamasha) into the circulation through hepatic vein. So, bhutagni functions are carried in the portal, liver, and vascular systems. Nutrient fluid (ahara rasa) is circulated in the body to nourish the body components ([[dhatu]]). Hence liver is considered the center of bhutagnivyapara.
==Recent researches==
#J.S. Tripathi and R.H. Singh (1994) researched ‘possible correlates of free radicals and free radical mediated disorders in [[Ayurveda]] with special references to bhutagnivyapara and [[ama]] at molecular level. It concludes that [[agni]] operating at the level of [[mahabhuta]] is comparable to molecular metabolism. It is believed that deficiency of the higher dimensions of [[agni]] might result in such metabolism, which should be identified at the most subtle and paranormal levels of life processes. In the present era of scientific advancements, we have free radicals as a causative factor of disease, which may be identified as [[ama]] at the level of bhutagni i.e. at the molecular level.
#J S R Prasad (October 2014) published an article on “A deep insight in to bhutagnipaka in ayurveda”. It concludes that bhutagni ignited by jatharagni transforms the heterolgous foods (vijateeyaannarasa) into homologous nutrient foods (sajaatiyaposhaka dhatus). After completion of bhutagnipaka only, the formation of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa) is completed and it is circulated for further process (rasa shoshana). Bhutagni function starts immediately after absorption i.e. portal circulation to the liver end before assimilation by delivering unstable body components (asthayidhatwamsha) into the circulation through hepatic vein. So ,the bhutagni functions are carried in the portal system, liver and, vascular system through which nutrient fluid (annarasa) is circulated in the body for nourishing the seven body components (sapta dhatus).
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