Changes

#In the work on location of physiological activities of dhatwagni and bhautikagni the physiological functioning of dhatvagni is described along with the pathologies in the respective [[dhatu]] due to the malfunctioning of dhatvagni.<ref>Kalpana D. Sathe.2016, Location of Physiological Activities of Dhatwagni And Bhautikagni. Int J Recent Sci Res. 7(2), pp. 9133-9136.</ref> This study concludes that the location of dhatvagni is in the respective tissue of particular [[srotas]] (transportation and transformation system) and cellular level.  Secondly, the dhatvagni activity and bhutagni activity can be correlated with catalyst of dhatusnehaparampara and dhatukshalan by bala production by bhautikagnipaka respectively.

#In the work on location of physiological activities of dhatwagni and bhautikagni the physiological functioning of dhatvagni is described along with the pathologies in the respective [[dhatu]] due to the malfunctioning of dhatvagni.<ref>Kalpana D. Sathe.2016, Location of Physiological Activities of Dhatwagni And Bhautikagni. Int J Recent Sci Res. 7(2), pp. 9133-9136.</ref> This study concludes that the location of dhatvagni is in the respective tissue of particular [[srotas]] (transportation and transformation system) and cellular level.  Secondly, the dhatvagni activity and bhutagni activity can be correlated with catalyst of dhatusnehaparampara and dhatukshalan by bala production by bhautikagnipaka respectively.

#Dhatvagni is considered in the synthesis of new tissue and yielding of energy for the functioning of existent tissue.<ref>A Brief Mention of Agni In Ayurveda, GJRA - Global Journal For Research Analysis(GJRA), GJRA | World Wide Journals [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 8]. Available from: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/article/a-brief-mention-of-agni-in-ayurveda/MTEwOTg=/?is=1&b1=61&k=16</ref> Bhutagni acts on respective  [[mahabhuta]] portion and  dhatvagni acts on respective [[dhatu]]s for nutritional strength, complexion, and happy life.

#Dhatvagni is considered in the synthesis of new tissue and yielding of energy for the functioning of existent tissue.<ref>A Brief Mention of Agni In Ayurveda, GJRA - Global Journal For Research Analysis(GJRA), GJRA | World Wide Journals [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 8]. Available from: https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/article/a-brief-mention-of-agni-in-ayurveda/MTEwOTg=/?is=1&b1=61&k=16</ref> Bhutagni acts on respective  [[mahabhuta]] portion and  dhatvagni acts on respective [[dhatu]]s for nutritional strength, complexion, and happy life.

#A study of dhatvagni with special reference to hypothyroidism depicted that abnormality at the level of [[meda dhatu]] (medodhatvagni vikriti) may be the cause of endocrinal disturbance related to thyroid gland functions. Secondly the excessive illumination of dhatwagni may cause rise in anabolism and catabolism.<ref>Sharma DV, Sharir MDK. Study of Dhatwagni vikriti W.S.R. to hypothyroidism. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10(5):10.</ref> Another study showed that the the clinical features of low dhatvagni functions (dhatvagnimandya) like slower metabolism (agninasha),  pallor (pandutwam), oligomenorrhoea (artavanasha), cold intolerance (sheetaasatmya) etc. can be correlated with symptoms of Hypothyroidism.<ref>??</ref>

#A study of dhatvagni with special reference to hypothyroidism depicted that abnormality at the level of [[meda dhatu]] (medodhatvagni vikriti) may be the cause of endocrinal disturbance related to thyroid gland functions. Secondly the excessive illumination of dhatwagni may cause rise in anabolism and catabolism.<ref>Sharma DV, Sharir MDK. Study of Dhatwagni vikriti W.S.R. to hypothyroidism. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10(5):10.</ref> Another study showed that the the clinical features of low dhatvagni functions (dhatvagnimandya) like slower metabolism (agninasha),  pallor (pandutwam), oligomenorrhoea (artavanasha), cold intolerance (sheetaasatmya) etc. can be correlated with symptoms of Hypothyroidism.<ref>Pawar VSD Deshpande DMS, Agni, Dhatwagnimandya, Hypothyroidism.2016;3.</ref>

#Selective production and transformation of [[dhatu]] is explained. Each dhatvagni synthesize and transform the constituents suitable to its particular [[dhatu]] as a part of selective action.<ref>Agrawal AK, Yadav CR, Meena MS. Physiological aspects of Agni. Ayu. 2010;31(3):395–8.</ref>   

#Selective production and transformation of [[dhatu]] is explained. Each dhatvagni synthesize and transform the constituents suitable to its particular [[dhatu]] as a part of selective action.<ref>Agrawal AK, Yadav CR, Meena MS. Physiological aspects of Agni. Ayu. 2010;31(3):395–8.</ref>   

#The inter-relationship between jatharagni and dhatvagni in the manifestation of different diseases is established. [[Agni]] are connected with each other and due to this relationship, vitiation of jatharagni results in vitiation of all the other [[agni]].<ref>Satani DKG, Raghvani H, Bhatt K. Interrelationship of Jatharagni and Dhatvagni in context to Dhatvagni Pradoshaj Vikaras. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences. 2017 Feb 28;2(01):180–5.</ref>  

#The inter-relationship between jatharagni and dhatvagni in the manifestation of different diseases is established. [[Agni]] are connected with each other and due to this relationship, vitiation of jatharagni results in vitiation of all the other [[agni]].<ref>Satani DKG, Raghvani H, Bhatt K. Interrelationship of Jatharagni and Dhatvagni in context to Dhatvagni Pradoshaj Vikaras. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences. 2017 Feb 28;2(01):180–5.</ref>  

==Contemporary approach==

==Contemporary approach==

Dhatvagni can be considered as an intermediate metabolism in contemporary light.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, reprinted 2010, Published by Chaukahmaba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Page No. 126</ref> It is the conglomeration of sum of all intracellular chemical processes by which the nutritive material is converted into cellular matter.<ref>Veerappa S, McClure J. Intermediary metabolism. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020 Mar 1;21(3):162–7.</ref> Cellular energy is generated from aerobic oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) derived from the digestion of a meal or the breakdown of internal stores. These can also be compared with enzymes, the biocatalysts that speed up the biochemical reactions in living organisms.<ref>Robinson PK. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem. 2015 Nov 15; 59:1–41.</ref> The enzymes have varied actions depending upon the site of action and predicted function, also termed as the specificity of the enzyme.<ref>Hedstrom L. Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity. In: eLS [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000716.pub2</ref> Hence, the different types of enzymes have specific types of action based on the substrate diet taken. For instance, there are various enzymes like splitting enzymes (hydrolases), transferring enzymes (oxidases, reductases), and isomerases involved in the process of digestion.<ref>Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/</ref> These can be compared with the functions of [[pitta dosha]] like breaking down particles (sanghatabheda), transformation (parinama), catalyst (pravritti) etc.<ref>??</ref> Dhatvagnipaaka can also be compared with the concepts of pilupaakavaada and pitharapaakavadaas put forth by the Nyaya-Vaisheshika philosophy. The pilupaka confers to the chemical transformation, while pitharapaka to the physical transformation.<ref>??</ref> The processes of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism are also closely related to the dhatvagnipaaka. The metabolism is a series of all the reactions that happen at the cellular level. Catabolism is the breakdown or the degradation of complex macromolecules, while anabolism synthesizes the macromolecules and tissues.<ref>Judge A, Dodd MS. Metabolism. Essays Biochem. 2020 Oct;64(4):607–47.</ref> More research on the relation between dhatvagni and specific digestive processes can provide new insights into understanding the physiology and management of diseases.  

Dhatvagni can be considered as an intermediate metabolism in contemporary light.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, reprinted 2010, Published by Chaukahmaba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, Page No. 126</ref> It is the conglomeration of sum of all intracellular chemical processes by which the nutritive material is converted into cellular matter.<ref>Veerappa S, McClure J. Intermediary metabolism. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2020 Mar 1;21(3):162–7.</ref> Cellular energy is generated from aerobic oxidation of metabolic fuels (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) derived from the digestion of a meal or the breakdown of internal stores. These can also be compared with enzymes, the biocatalysts that speed up the biochemical reactions in living organisms.<ref>Robinson PK. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem. 2015 Nov 15; 59:1–41.</ref> The enzymes have varied actions depending upon the site of action and predicted function, also termed as the specificity of the enzyme.<ref>Hedstrom L. Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity. In: eLS [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0000716.pub2</ref> Hence, the different types of enzymes have specific types of action based on the substrate diet taken. For instance, there are various enzymes like splitting enzymes (hydrolases), transferring enzymes (oxidases, reductases), and isomerases involved in the process of digestion.<ref>Patricia JJ, Dhamoon AS. Physiology, Digestion. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544242/</ref> These can be compared with the functions of [[pitta dosha]] like breaking down particles (sanghatabheda), transformation (parinama), catalyst (pravritti) etc.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.145.</ref> Dhatvagnipaaka can also be compared with the concepts of pilupaakavaada and pitharapaakavadaas put forth by the Nyaya-Vaisheshika philosophy. The pilupaka confers to the chemical transformation, while pitharapaka to the physical transformation.<ref>C Dwarkanath, Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda, Section 2, Reprinted 2010, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pp.112.</ref> The processes of metabolism, catabolism and anabolism are also closely related to the dhatvagnipaaka. The metabolism is a series of all the reactions that happen at the cellular level. Catabolism is the breakdown or the degradation of complex macromolecules, while anabolism synthesizes the macromolecules and tissues.<ref>Judge A, Dodd MS. Metabolism. Essays Biochem. 2020 Oct;64(4):607–47.</ref> More research on the relation between dhatvagni and specific digestive processes can provide new insights into understanding the physiology and management of diseases.  

==Related chapters==

==Related chapters==