Changes

==== Views of Vamaka regarding ''katu tumbi'' fruit ====

==== Views of Vamaka regarding ''katu tumbi'' fruit ====

According to Vamaka, due to its low potency, ''jimutaka'' is less effective in disintegrating and voiding of stool, while best emetic drug ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is the best drug to be used in medicated enema because it eliminates the ''dosha'' through enema.  

According to Vamaka, due to its low potency, ''jimutaka'' is less effective in disintegrating and voiding of stool, while best emetic drug ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is the best drug to be used in medicated enema because it eliminates the ''[[dosha]]'' through enema.  

==== Views of Asita Gautam regarding ''dhamargava'' fruit ====

==== Views of Asita Gautam regarding ''dhamargava'' fruit ====

According to Asita Gautam, ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is not an aphrodisiac due to its hot , sharp and  non- unctuous  properties while ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) is excellent for eliminating  ''kapha dosha'' and ''pitta dosha''. So it may be considered to be the best drug for the medicated enema. [5-6]

According to Asita Gautam, ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is not an aphrodisiac due to its hot , sharp and  non- unctuous  properties while ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) is excellent for eliminating  ''[[kapha dosha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]''. So it may be considered to be the best drug for the medicated enema. [5-6]

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==== Views of Badisha regarding ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) fruit ====

==== Views of Badisha regarding ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) fruit ====

According to Badisha, ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) aggravates ''vata dosha'', causes despair and reduces strength of the body, so it is not suitable for medicated enema. While ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) does not reduce the strength and it alleviates ''kapha dosha'' as well as ''pitta dosha'', and thus, should be considered excellent for medicated enema. [7]

According to Badisha, ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) aggravates ''[[vata dosha]]'', causes despair and reduces strength of the body, so it is not suitable for medicated enema. While ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) does not reduce the strength and it alleviates ''[[kapha dosha]]'' as well as ''[[pitta dosha]]'', and thus, should be considered excellent for medicated enema. [7]

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==== Views of Kapya regarding ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) fruit ====

==== Views of Kapya regarding ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) fruit ====

According to Kapya, ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) is very viscid, causing elimination of ''doshas'' through emesis and also causing aggravation of ''vata dosha''. So it is not suitable for medicated enema, while ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) is  promoter of ''vata dosha'' and eliminate excessively aggravated ''kapha dosha'' and ''pitta dosha'', so it is the best drug for  medicated enema. [8]

According to Kapya, ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) is very viscid, causing elimination of ''[[dosha]]s'' through emesis and also causing aggravation of ''[[vata dosha]]''. So it is not suitable for medicated enema, while ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) is  promoter of ''[[vata dosha]]'' and eliminate excessively aggravated ''[[kapha dosha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]'', so it is the best drug for  medicated enema. [8]

==== Views of Bhadra Shaunaka regarding ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula)fruit ====

==== Views of Bhadra Shaunaka regarding ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula)fruit ====

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According to Punarvasu Atreya, ''jimutaka'' is useful for the treatment of ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''katu tumbi'' is useful for the treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes). Fruit of ''kutaja'' is useful for heart diseases, ''dhamargava'' is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia), ''kritavedhana'' is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including acites) and ''madana –phala'' is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid. It eliminates ''kapha dosha'' and ''pitta dosha'', eliminates ''doshas'' (three entities regulating function of the body and mind), is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''vata dosha''. The term ''phala'' specifically indicate ''madana-phala'', even though there are several fruits which are used in the medicine.[12-14]

According to Punarvasu Atreya, ''jimutaka'' is useful for the treatment of ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''katu tumbi'' is useful for the treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes). Fruit of ''kutaja'' is useful for heart diseases, ''dhamargava'' is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia), ''kritavedhana'' is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including acites) and ''madana –phala'' is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid. It eliminates ''[[kapha dosha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]'', eliminates ''[[dosha]]s'' (three entities regulating function of the body and mind), is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''[[vata dosha]]''. The term ''phala'' specifically indicate ''madana-phala'', even though there are several fruits which are used in the medicine.[12-14]

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All disciples were satisfied with the clarification of their teacher Punarvasu Atreya regarding therapeutic properties of various fruits for various diseases so, they honered their teacher and bowed before him with happiness and made their more quaries.(15)

All disciples were satisfied with the clarification of their teacher Punarvasu Atreya regarding therapeutic properties of various fruits for various diseases so, they honered their teacher and bowed before him with happiness and made their more quaries.(15)

==== Query regarding efficacy of ''basti'' (therapeutic enema) ====

==== Query regarding efficacy of ''[[basti]]'' (therapeutic enema) ====

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Therapeutic enema has been described as it posesses, all attributes and action for curing all type of disease. But here question is raised by the learned scholar that the medicated enema does not reach above the level of umbilicus, then how it is possible for medicated enema to eliminate all type of morbid ''doshas'' (''vata,pitta'' and ''kapha'')from all over the body? [16]

Therapeutic enema has been described as it posesses, all attributes and action for curing all type of disease. But here question is raised by the learned scholar that the medicated enema does not reach above the level of umbilicus, then how it is possible for medicated enema to eliminate all type of morbid ''[[dosha]]s'' (''[[vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'')from all over the body? [16]

=== Effect of ''basti'' (therapeutic enemas) ===

=== Effect of ''[[basti]]'' (therapeutic enemas) ===

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While answering above question, Punarvasu Atreya has mentioned that two properties of ''vata dosha'', detachment (''vighata'') and adhesion (''sanga'') is responsible for sustaining our body. This means that ''vata dosha'' is responsible for the separation (''vighata'') and combination (''sanga'') of stool, urine, ''pitta, kapha'' including other excretory product and tissue elements. ''Vata dosha'' aggravate alone or with the other ''doshas'' in its own habitat (i.e., ''pakvashaya'' or colon), in this condition medicated enema due to its purification  action causes  alleviation of ''vata dosha'' along with ''pitta dosha'', ''kapha dosha'' and feces, because of alleviation of ''vata dosha'' all disease of body are cured. [17-18]

While answering above question, Punarvasu Atreya has mentioned that two properties of ''[[vata dosha]]'', detachment (''vighata'') and adhesion (''sanga'') is responsible for sustaining our body. This means that ''[[vata dosha]]'' is responsible for the separation (''vighata'') and combination (''sanga'') of stool, urine, ''[[pitta]], [[kapha]]'' including other excretory product and tissue elements. ''[[Vata dosha]]'' aggravate alone or with the other ''[[dosha]]s'' in its own habitat (i.e., ''pakvashaya'' or colon), in this condition medicated enema due to its purification  action causes  alleviation of ''[[vata dosha]]'' along with ''[[pitta dosha]]'', ''[[kapha dosha]]'' and feces, because of alleviation of ''[[vata dosha]]'' all disease of body are cured. [17-18]

=== Therapeutic enema in animals (veterinary medicine) ===

=== Therapeutic enema in animals (veterinary medicine) ===

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Answering question regarding quantity of the fluid to be used as evacuation enema Punarvasu Atreya has mentioned that quantity of the fluid for evacuation enema in goats and sheep should be one ''prastha'' (736 gm), for cattle should be 2-3 ''prastha'' (1472 gm to 2208 gm) depending upon their physique, for camels should be two ''Adhakas'' (5888 gm) and for elephants should be four ''adhaka''( 11776 gm). For oily enema the quantity of the oil to be used for these animals should be one – eighth of quantity prescribed. [22]

Answering question regarding quantity of the fluid to be used as evacuation enema Punarvasu Atreya has mentioned that quantity of the fluid for evacuation enema in goats and sheep should be one ''prastha'' (736 gm), for cattle should be 2-3 ''prastha'' (1472 gm to 2208 gm) depending upon their physique, for camels should be two ''Adhakas'' (5888 gm) and for elephants should be four ''adhaka''( 11776 gm). For oily enema the quantity of the oil to be used for these animals should be one – eighth of quantity prescribed. [22]

=== Common recipes for all type veterinary enemas ===

=== Common recipes for all type veterinary enemas ===

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Because of the suppression of natural urges, ''vata dosha'' gets aggravated and cause constipation and pain all over the body. The physician, having ascertained this, in the beginning should give ''phala-varti'' (medicated suppository) well prepared with unctuous material.[31]

Because of the suppression of natural urges, ''[[vata dosha]]'' gets aggravated and cause constipation and pain all over the body. The physician, having ascertained this, in the beginning should give ''phala-varti'' (medicated suppository) well prepared with unctuous material.[31]

=== ''Basti'' (enema) formulations for treatment ===

=== ''[[Basti]]'' (enema) formulations for treatment ===

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*Every drug has some good effects as well as some bad effects. There is no drug that is entirely free from shortcomings or entirely free from good effects. Therefore, in disease conditions, drug which posesses superior qualities shall be considered for medicated enemas.  

*Every drug has some good effects as well as some bad effects. There is no drug that is entirely free from shortcomings or entirely free from good effects. Therefore, in disease conditions, drug which posesses superior qualities shall be considered for medicated enemas.  

*''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) is useful for the treatment of ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is useful for treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes), fruit of ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) is useful for heart diseases, ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia), ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including acidities).  

*''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) is useful for the treatment of ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''katu tumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is useful for treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes), fruit of ''kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) is useful for heart diseases, ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia), ''kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including acidities).  

*''Madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum) is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid. It eliminates ''kapha'' and ''pitta dosha'', eliminates ''doshas'' (three entities regulating function of the body and mind), is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''vata dosha''. It can be used in all types of purification enemas.  

*''Madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum) is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid. It eliminates ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]'', eliminates ''[[dosha]]s'' (three entities regulating function of the body and mind), is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''[[vata dosha]]''. It can be used in all types of purification enemas.  

*''Vata dosha'' is responsible for ''vighata'' (detachment) and ''sanga'' (adhesion) of stool, urine, pitta, ''kapha'' including other excretory products and tissue elements. Therapeutic enema, due to its purification action causes  alleviation of ''vata dosha'' along with ''pitta'' and ''kapha dosha'' and feces leading to disease pacification.  

*''[[Vata dosha]]'' is responsible for ''vighata'' (detachment) and ''sanga'' (adhesion) of stool, urine, [[pitta]], ''[[kapha]]'' including other excretory products and tissue elements. Therapeutic enema, due to its purification action causes  alleviation of ''[[vata dosha]]'' along with ''[[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha dosha]]'' and feces leading to disease pacification.  

*Therapeutic enema can be used in veterinary medicine for treating various diseases of animals.  

*Therapeutic enema can be used in veterinary medicine for treating various diseases of animals.  

*The persons, who always suppress natural urges, never take food in time, always untimely void stool, urine, etc., and resort to untimely different regimens suffer from frequent and continuous illness. Certain persons like priests, king’s servants, courtesans and merchants are frequently sick because of excessive stress of the job and suppression of natural urges.

*The persons, who always suppress natural urges, never take food in time, always untimely void stool, urine, etc., and resort to untimely different regimens suffer from frequent and continuous illness. Certain persons like priests, king’s servants, courtesans and merchants are frequently sick because of excessive stress of the job and suppression of natural urges.

*''Basti'' ( therapeutic) is the best treatment for most diseases.

*''[[Basti]]'' ( therapeutic) is the best treatment for most diseases.

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

==== ''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) ====

==== ''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) ====

'''Advantages''': Therapeutic properties of ''jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) for emetic therapy with thirty nine recipes are described in second chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]]. It is mentioned that ''jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) taken with appropriate adjuvants cures all the three ''dosha''. ''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata,) is used in medicated enema because it eliminate ''kapha'' and ''pitta dosha'' .It is useful for the treatment of ''kustha'' ( skin diseases).  

'''Advantages''': Therapeutic properties of ''jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) for emetic therapy with thirty nine recipes are described in second chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]]. It is mentioned that ''jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata) taken with appropriate adjuvants cures all the three ''[[dosha]]''. ''Jimutaka'' (Luffa echinata,) is used in medicated enema because it eliminate ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]'' .It is useful for the treatment of ''kustha'' ( skin diseases).  

'''Disadvantages''': Due to the low potency jimutaka is less effective in disintegrating and voiding of stool.

'''Disadvantages''': Due to the low potency jimutaka is less effective in disintegrating and voiding of stool.

==== ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) ====

==== ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) ====

'''Advantages''': ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is used in medicated enema because it eliminates the ''dosha'' through enema. ''Katutumbi'' is useful for treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes). Therapeutic properties of  ''katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) are described in third chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] and forty five recipes are described for emetic therapy.

'''Advantages''': ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is used in medicated enema because it eliminates the ''[[dosha]]'' through enema. ''Katutumbi'' is useful for treatment of ''meha'' (urinary disease including diabetes). Therapeutic properties of  ''katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) are described in third chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] and forty five recipes are described for emetic therapy.

'''Disadvantages''': ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is not aphrodisiac due to its hot, sharp and  non- unctuous  properties.

'''Disadvantages''': ''Katutumbi'' (Lagenaria siceraria) is not aphrodisiac due to its hot, sharp and  non- unctuous  properties.

==== ''Dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) ====

==== ''Dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) ====

'''Advantages''': It is excellent for eliminating ''kapha'' and ''pitta dosha''. ''Dhamargava'' is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia). Therapeutic properties of  ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica)  are described in fourth chapter of  [[Kalpa Sthana]]  and sixty recipes are described for emetic therapy.  

'''Advantages''': It is excellent for eliminating ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]''. ''Dhamargava'' is useful for ''panduroga'' (anemia). Therapeutic properties of  ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica)  are described in fourth chapter of  [[Kalpa Sthana]]  and sixty recipes are described for emetic therapy.  

'''Disadvantages''': It aggravates ''vata dosha'', causes despair and reduces strength  of the body.

'''Disadvantages''': It aggravates ''[[vata dosha]]'', causes despair and reduces strength  of the body.

==== ''Kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) ====

==== ''Kutaja'' (Holorrhena antidysenterica) ====

==== ''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) ====

==== ''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) ====

'''Advantages''': It is promoter of ''vata dosha'' and eliminate excessively aggravated ''kapha'' and ''pitta dosha''. ''Kritavedhana'' is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis). Therapeutic properties of ''kritavedhana''  (Luffa acutangula) are described in sixth  chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]]  and sixty recipes are described for emetic therapy.

'''Advantages''': It is promoter of ''[[vata dosha]]'' and eliminate excessively aggravated ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]''. ''Kritavedhana'' is useful for ''udara roga'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis). Therapeutic properties of ''kritavedhana''  (Luffa acutangula) are described in sixth  chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]]  and sixty recipes are described for emetic therapy.

'''Disadvantages''': is pungent and it reduces strength in excess.

'''Disadvantages''': is pungent and it reduces strength in excess.

==== ''Madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum) ====

==== ''Madanaphala'' (Randia dumetorum) ====

   

   

'''Advantages''': It is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid properties. It eliminates ''kapha'' and ''pitta dosha'', is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''vata dosha''.  

'''Advantages''': It is useful for all disease, because it is sweet, slightly astringent as well as bitter in taste, ununctuous and slightly pungent, hot and viscid properties. It eliminates ''[[kapha]]'' and ''[[pitta dosha]]'', is harmless and cause downwards movement of ''[[vata dosha]]''.  

Hence it is concluded that use of ''Madanaphala'' is suitable for therapeutic enema.

Hence it is concluded that use of ''Madanaphala'' is suitable for therapeutic enema.

=== Actions of ''basti'' (enema) ===

=== Actions of ''[[basti]]'' (enema) ===

Action of medicated enemas are not only elimination of ''vata dosha'', but is also eliminates all type of morbid ''doshas'' from all over the body due to its purification action. Due to ''vighata'' (detachment) property, ''vata dosha'' is responsible for detachment of stool, urine, ''pitta'' including other excreta and tissue element. Due to ''sanga'' (adhesion) property, ''vata dosha'' is responsible for formation all tissue elements, brings about compactness in all the tissue elements of the body and brings together different part of the body.  ''Vata dosha'' is the most important causative factor of diseases in ''shakha'' (peripheral tissue elements), ''koshtha'' (viscera of the thorax and abdomen), ''marma'' (vital points and organs including joints), ''urdhva'' (upper part of the body), ''sarvavayava'' (covering the entire body) and ''anga'' (individual part of the body). ''Vata dosha'' generally gets aggravated in its own habitat and can spread all over body through disease pathways. Since medicated enema causes alleviation of this ''vata dosha'' in its basic habitat, others connected to ''vata dosha'' elsewhere in the body gets automatically alleviated.  

Action of medicated enemas are not only elimination of ''[[vata dosha]]'', but is also eliminates all type of morbid ''[[dosha]]s'' from all over the body due to its purification action. Due to ''vighata'' (detachment) property, ''[[vata dosha]]'' is responsible for detachment of stool, urine, ''[[pitta]]'' including other excreta and tissue element. Due to ''sanga'' (adhesion) property, ''[[vata dosha]]'' is responsible for formation all tissue elements, brings about compactness in all the tissue elements of the body and brings together different part of the body.  ''[[Vata dosha]]'' is the most important causative factor of diseases in ''shakha'' (peripheral tissue elements), ''koshtha'' (viscera of the thorax and abdomen), ''marma'' (vital points and organs including joints), ''urdhva'' (upper part of the body), ''sarvavayava'' (covering the entire body) and ''anga'' (individual part of the body). ''[[Vata dosha]]'' generally gets aggravated in its own habitat and can spread all over body through disease pathways. Since medicated enema causes alleviation of this ''[[vata dosha]]'' in its basic habitat, others connected to ''[[vata dosha]]'' elsewhere in the body gets automatically alleviated.  

=== Enema therapy in animals ===

=== Enema therapy in animals ===

=== Reasons of frequent or permanent illnesses ===

=== Reasons of frequent or permanent illnesses ===

Certain persons like priests, king servants, courtesans and merchants are frequently sick. This is because of inability to follow proper dietary regimen, improper lifestyle habits, excessive stress due to high responsibility in the job, greediness and suppression of natural urges. These patients are seen in today’s clinical practice. Therefore, their training about the rules given in ''swastha chatushka'' (chapters 5 to 8 of [[Sutra Sthana]]) with ''basti'' therapy is important to avoid frequent illnesses.

Certain persons like priests, king servants, courtesans and merchants are frequently sick. This is because of inability to follow proper dietary regimen, improper lifestyle habits, excessive stress due to high responsibility in the job, greediness and suppression of natural urges. These patients are seen in today’s clinical practice. Therefore, their training about the rules given in ''swastha chatushka'' (chapters 5 to 8 of [[Sutra Sthana]]) with ''[[basti]]'' therapy is important to avoid frequent illnesses.

=== Related Links ===

=== Related Links ===