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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter, the first within the annapana chatushka (tetrad of guidelines on food and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient [[Ayurveda]] practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of Purusha (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the purusha. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the purusha are postulated, such as those of atma (spirit), mana (mind), rasa (nutrient fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru(parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (creator), and Kala (time). After considering all these postulations, it is concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The wholesome diet is responsible for proper growth and development of holistic human being, while the unwholesome diet for diseases. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific collection called agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also ingredients used in 84 naturally fermented preparations named ‘asava’ that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (agni) are listed. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter, the first within the annapana chatushka (tetrad of guidelines on food and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient [[Ayurveda]] practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of [[Purusha]] (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the [[purusha]]. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the [[purusha]] are postulated, such as those of [[atma]] (spirit), [[manas]] (mind), [[rasa]] (nutrient fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru(parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (creator), and Kala (time). After considering all these postulations, it is concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The wholesome diet is responsible for proper growth and development of holistic human being, while the unwholesome diet for diseases. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific collection called agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also ingredients used in 84 naturally fermented preparations named ‘asava’ that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (agni) are listed. </div>

'''Keywords''': ''Purusha'' (conscious beings – humans, souls, etc.), ''agrya samgraha'' (foremost collection/formulation/medication applicable), ''hitakara, ahitakara,'' wholesome, unwholesome, ''asava'' (alcoholic preparations).

'''Keywords''': [[Purusha]] (conscious beings – humans, souls, etc.), ''agrya samgraha'' (foremost collection/formulation/medication applicable), ''hitakara, ahitakara,'' wholesome, unwholesome, ''asava'' (alcoholic preparations).

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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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This chapter discusses various theories (regarding the origin of ''Purusha'' as well as the diseases that afflict him) postulated by ten sages (or scholars) under the aegis of Lord Punarvasu Atreya – providing insights into the various aspects that influence the shaping of the being, and also the origin of the ailments or disorders that afflict it.  Kashipati Vamaka initiated the discussions with a query about the origin of human beings and disease, followed by Maudagalya Parikshi (on ''atma'' theory), Sharaloma (on ''sattva'' theory), Varyovida (on ''rasa'' theory), Hiranyaksha (on ''shad-dhatu'' theory), Kaushika (on ''mata-pitru'' theory), Bhadrakapya (on ''karma'' theory), Bharadwaja (on ''swabhava'' theory), Kankayana (on Prajapati theory), and Atreya Bhikshu (on ''kala'' theory). Lord Punarvasu Atreya concluded the discussions by stating that the same factors that are responsible for the origin and growth of human beings can cause diseases also. This chapter is closely associated with the third chapter of [[Sharira Sthana]] (''Khuddika garbhavakranti''), which provides additional insights into the origins of human beings.

This chapter discusses various theories (regarding the origin of [[Purusha]] as well as the diseases that afflict him) postulated by ten sages (or scholars) under the aegis of Lord Punarvasu Atreya – providing insights into the various aspects that influence the shaping of the being, and also the origin of the ailments or disorders that afflict it.  Kashipati Vamaka initiated the discussions with a query about the origin of human beings and disease, followed by Maudagalya Parikshi (on [[atma]] theory), Sharaloma (on ''sattva'' theory), Varyovida (on ''rasa'' theory), Hiranyaksha (on ''shad-dhatu'' theory), Kaushika (on ''mata-pitru'' theory), Bhadrakapya (on ''karma'' theory), Bharadwaja (on ''swabhava'' theory), Kankayana (on Prajapati theory), and Atreya Bhikshu (on ''kala'' theory). Lord Punarvasu Atreya concluded the discussions by stating that the same factors that are responsible for the origin and growth of human beings can cause diseases also. This chapter is closely associated with the third chapter of [[Sharira Sthana]] (''Khuddika garbhavakranti''), which provides additional insights into the origins of human beings.

Considering the health of human beings, dietary articles that are beneficial and harmful have been provided in this chapter with relevant examples. The first choices in medication, the best factors in various categories, and suggested lifestyle have been grouped into a category named ''agrya samgraha''. Also, Lord Atreya answers Agnivesha's query about ''asava'' (alcoholic preparations) with an elaborate explanation of eighty-four types of ''asava'', categorized by parts of herbs used in their preparation. Thus, this chapter provided an introduction to food and beverages that are beneficial to health.

Considering the health of human beings, dietary articles that are beneficial and harmful have been provided in this chapter with relevant examples. The first choices in medication, the best factors in various categories, and suggested lifestyle have been grouped into a category named ''agrya samgraha''. Also, Lord Atreya answers Agnivesha's query about ''asava'' (alcoholic preparations) with an elaborate explanation of eighty-four types of ''asava'', categorized by parts of herbs used in their preparation. Thus, this chapter provided an introduction to food and beverages that are beneficial to health.

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Long ago, the great sages (thinkers) assembled before Lord Punarvasu (Atreya), who had directly perceived and realized all knowledge. A discussion arose about the determination of the truth of the primal origin of ''Purusha'' (an aggregate of soul, senses, psyche and sense objects) and the origin of the diseases. [3-4]   

Long ago, the great sages (thinkers) assembled before Lord Punarvasu (Atreya), who had directly perceived and realized all knowledge. A discussion arose about the determination of the truth of the primal origin of [[Purusha]] (an aggregate of soul, senses, psyche and sense objects) and the origin of the diseases. [3-4]   

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In this reference, Lord Punarvasu addressing the sages said as follows- "You all sages are enlightened and have broad knowledge. Your doubts have been cleared by your unlimited knowledge of science. You are capable of resolving the doubts raised by the king of Kashi." [5-7]

In this reference, Lord Punarvasu addressing the sages said as follows- "You all sages are enlightened and have broad knowledge. Your doubts have been cleared by your unlimited knowledge of science. You are capable of resolving the doubts raised by the king of Kashi." [5-7]

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==== The opinion of Maudgalya Parikshi on ''Atmaja Purusha'' (spirit theory) ====

==== The opinion of Maudgalya Parikshi on [[Atma]]ja [[Purusha]] (spirit theory) ====

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Considering the query of Kashipati Vamaka, Maudgalya Parikshit formulated his answer first. He said “Human being is born of ''Atman'' (spirit) and like that all the diseases are born of ''atman''. The spirit is the source of all things. The ''atman'' acquires the actions and enjoys the merits of action as the fruit of actions. In the absence of this ''atman'', there is no activity either pleasurable or painful. [8-9]

Considering the query of Kashipati Vamaka, Maudgalya Parikshit formulated his answer first. He said “Human being is born of [[Atma]] (spirit) and like that all the diseases are born of [[atma]]. The spirit is the source of all things. The [[atma]] acquires the actions and enjoys the merits of action as the fruit of actions. In the absence of this [[atma]], there is no activity either pleasurable or painful. [8-9]

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==== The opinion of Sharaloma as ''Sattvaja Purusha'' (mind theory) ====

==== The opinion of Sharaloma as Sattvaja [[Purusha]] (mind theory) ====

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Intervening the opinion of Maudgalya, Sharaloma said, “No. This is not correct, because ''atman'' dislikes pain naturally and, therefore, would never repress itself with disease and other types of pain. The ''manas'' (mind), influenced by ''rajas'' and ''tamas'', which is also called ''sattva'', is the real cause of the origin of the body and its afflictions, both."[10-11]

Intervening the opinion of Maudgalya, Sharaloma said, “No. This is not correct, because [[atma]] dislikes pain naturally and, therefore, would never repress itself with disease and other types of pain. The [[manas]](mind), influenced by ''rajas'' and ''tamas'', which is also called ''sattva'', is the real cause of the origin of the body and its afflictions, both."[10-11]

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==== The opinion of Varyovida as ''Rasaja Purusha'' (fluid theory)====

==== The opinion of Varyovida as Rasaja [[Purusha]] (fluid theory)====

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==== The opinion of Hiranyaksha as ''Shad-dhatuja Purusha'' (six element theory)====

==== The opinion of Hiranyaksha as Shad-dhatuja [[Purusha]] (six element theory)====

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==== The opinion of Kaushika as ''Matrija-pitrija Purusha'' (parent theory) ====

==== The opinion of Kaushika as Matrija-pitrija [[Purusha]](parent theory) ====

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==== The opinion of Bhadrakapya as ''Karmaja Purusha'' (deeds in past life theory) ====

==== The opinion of Bhadrakapya as Karmaja [[Purusha]] (deeds in past life theory) ====

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==== The opinion of Bharadwaja as ''Svabhavaja Purusha'' (nature theory) ====

==== The opinion of Bharadwaja as Svabhavaja [[Purusha]] (nature theory) ====

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==== The opinion of Kankayana as ''Prajapatija Purusha'' (creator theory) ====

==== The opinion of Kankayana as Prajapatija [[Purusha]] (creator theory) ====

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Lord Atreya replied to him, “Ingesting wholesome food is the only cause of the nourishment of ''Purusha'', and unwholesome diet is the cause of diseases." [31]

Lord Atreya replied to him, “Ingesting wholesome food is the only cause of the nourishment of [[Purusha]], and unwholesome diet is the cause of diseases." [31]

=== Wholesome and unwholesome things for holistic human being ===

=== Wholesome and unwholesome things for holistic human being ===

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After listening to Lord Atreya, Agnivesha asked, “Sir, How shall we distinguish correctly between wholesome and unwholesome diets? Because, in practice, we find that the articles of diet that are described to be wholesome and unwholesome produce opposite results by variation of dose (quantity ), time (meal time, season), a method of preparation, location, constitution of the body, the predominant ''dosha'' and the age of an individual. [32].

After listening to Lord Atreya, Agnivesha asked, “Sir, How shall we distinguish correctly between wholesome and unwholesome diets? Because, in practice, we find that the articles of diet that are described to be wholesome and unwholesome produce opposite results by variation of dose (quantity ), time (meal time, season), a method of preparation, location, constitution of the body, the predominant [[dosha]] and the age of an individual. [32].

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Lord Punarvasu Atreya replied, “Oh Agnivesha! Those food articles that maintain an equilibrium state in body elements (''dhatus'') and help in eliminating abnormalities or disturbances in the path to equilibrium can be considered as wholesome food articles, while those that act in the opposite manner are considered unwholesome. This would be the most accurate description of wholesome and unwholesome food articles. [33]

Lord Punarvasu Atreya replied, “Oh Agnivesha! Those food articles that maintain an equilibrium state in body elements ([[dhatu]]) and help in eliminating abnormalities or disturbances in the path to equilibrium can be considered as wholesome food articles, while those that act in the opposite manner are considered unwholesome. This would be the most accurate description of wholesome and unwholesome food articles. [33]

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==== Query of Agnivesha ====

==== Query of Agnivesha ====

| 10.[[Semen of crocodile (''nakraretasa'')]]|| Having aphrodisiac action/virility enhancers (''vrishya'')

| 10.[[Semen of crocodile (''nakraretasa'')]]|| Having aphrodisiac action/virility enhancers (''vrishya'')

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| 11.Honey (''madhu'')|| Alleviating ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' (''shlesma pitta prashamana'')

| 11.Honey (''madhu'')|| Alleviating [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] (''shlesma [[pitta]] prashamana'')

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| 12.Ghee (''ghrita'')|| Alleviating ''vata'' and ''pitta'' (''vata pitta prashamana'')  

| 12.Ghee (''ghrita'')|| Alleviating [[vata]] and [[pitta]] ([[vata]] [[pitta]] prashamana)  

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| 13. Sesame oil ( ''tila taila'')|| Alleviating ''vata'' and ''kapha'' (''vata shleshmana prashamana'')  

| 13. Sesame oil ( ''tila taila'')|| Alleviating [[vata]] and [[kapha]] ([[vata]] shleshmana prashamana'')  

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| 14. Emesis (''vamana'')|| Eliminating ''kapha'' (''shlesmahara'')

| 14. Emesis ([[vamana]])|| Eliminating [[kapha]] (''shlesmahara'')

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| 15.Purgation (''virechana'')|| Eliminating ''pitta'' (''pittahara'')

| 15.Purgation ([[virechana]])|| Eliminating [[pitta]] (''pittahara'')

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| 16.Enema (''basti'')|| Eliminating ''vata'' (''vatahara'')

| 16.Enema ([[basti]])|| Eliminating [[vata]](''vatahara'')

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| 17.Fomentation/sudation (''sweda'')|| Bringing about smoothness in body/soften the body(''mardavakara'')

| 17.Fomentation/sudation (''sweda'')|| Bringing about smoothness in body/soften the body(''mardavakara'')

| 23.Goat milk (''ajaksheera'')|| Producing wholesome and galactogoque effect, and curing consumption, and ''raktapitta'' (A disease characterized by bleeding from different part of body)

| 23.Goat milk (''ajaksheera'')|| Producing wholesome and galactogoque effect, and curing consumption, and ''raktapitta'' (A disease characterized by bleeding from different part of body)

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| 24.Sheep milk (''aviksheera'')|| Vitiating ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' (''shleshmana pitta janana'')

| 24.Sheep milk (''aviksheera'')|| Vitiating [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] (''shleshmana pitta janana'')

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| 25.Buffalo milk (''mahishi ksheera'')|| Inducing sleep (''swapna janana'')  

| 25.Buffalo milk (''mahishi ksheera'')|| Inducing sleep (''swapna janana'')  

| 28.Food prepared of boiled ''uddalaka'' (Paspalum scrobiculatum)|| Drying/reduces unctuous element in body (''virukshaniya'')

| 28.Food prepared of boiled ''uddalaka'' (Paspalum scrobiculatum)|| Drying/reduces unctuous element in body (''virukshaniya'')

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| 29.Sugarcane (''ikshu'')|| Produces diuresis / increases quantity of urine (''mutrajanana'')

| 29.Sugarcane (''ikshu'')|| Produces diuresis / increases quantity of urine ([[mutra]]janana)

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| 30.Barley (''yava'')|| Increasing quantity of feces (''purishajanana'')

| 30.Barley (''yava'')|| Increasing quantity of feces ([[purisha]]janana)

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| 31.''Jambu'' [Syzygium cumini skeels]|| Aggreviating ''vata'' (''vata janana'')  

| 31.''Jambu'' [Syzygium cumini skeels]|| Aggreviating [[vata]] ([[vata]] janana)  

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| 32.''Shashkuli'' (type of pastry) (or oils)|| Provoke ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' (''shleshma pitta janana'')

| 32.''Shashkuli'' (type of pastry) (or oils)|| Provoke [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] (''shleshma [[pitta]] janana'')

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| 33.''Kulattha'' (Dolichos biflorus Linn) or horse gram|| Causes ''amlapitta'' (acid dyspepsia)

| 33.''Kulattha'' (Dolichos biflorus Linn) or horse gram|| Causes ''amlapitta'' (acid dyspepsia)

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| 34.''Masha'' (Phaseolous radiates Linn or black gram)|| Increase of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' (shleshmana pitta janana)

| 34.''Masha'' (Phaseolous radiates Linn or black gram)|| Increase of [[kapha]] and [[pitta]](shleshmana [[pitta]] janana)

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| 35.Fruit of ''madana'' [Randiadumetorun Lam.] or emetic Nut|| Used in emesis, and corrective and unctuous enema (''Vamana asthapanaanuvasanopayogi'')  

| 35.Fruit of ''madana'' [Randiadumetorun Lam.] or emetic Nut|| Used in emesis, and corrective and unctuous enema ([[Vamana]] asthapanaanuvasanopayogi'')  

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| 36.''Trivrita'' [Operculina turpethum R.B.] or turpeth|| Causes easy purgation (''sukha virechana'')

| 36.''Trivrita'' [Operculina turpethum R.B.] or turpeth|| Causes easy purgation (sukha [[virechana]])

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| 37.''Aragvadha'' [Cassia fistula Linn]|| Causes mild purgation (''mridu virechana'')  

| 37.''Aragvadha'' [Cassia fistula Linn]|| Causes mild purgation (mridu [[virechana]])  

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| 38.Milk of ''Snuhi'' [Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.] thorny milk hedge plant|| Causing strong purgations (''tikshna virechana'')

| 38.Milk of ''Snuhi'' [Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.] thorny milk hedge plant|| Causing strong purgations (tikshna [[virechana]])

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| 39.''Apamarga'' [Achyranthes aspera Linn.] Rough chaff|| Eliminating doshas from head/these are errhines (''shiro virechana'')

| 39.''Apamarga'' [Achyranthes aspera Linn.] Rough chaff|| Eliminating doshas from head/these are errhines (shiro [[virechana]])

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| 40.''Vidanga'' [Embelia ribes Bur M.F.]|| Killing parasites/among all Anthelmintics (''krimighna'')

| 40.''Vidanga'' [Embelia ribes Bur M.F.]|| Killing parasites/among all Anthelmintics (''krimighna'')

| 42.''Khadira'' [Acacia catechu Willd.]|| Curing obstinate skin desease including leprosy/dermic remedics (''kushtaghna'')

| 42.''Khadira'' [Acacia catechu Willd.]|| Curing obstinate skin desease including leprosy/dermic remedics (''kushtaghna'')

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| 43.''Rasna'' [Pluchea lanceolata Oliver and Hiern]|| Alleviating ''vata'' (''vatahara'')

| 43.''Rasna'' [Pluchea lanceolata Oliver and Hiern]|| Alleviating [[vata]] ([[vata]]hara)

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| 44.''Amalaka'' [Emblica offiinalis Gaern] or Emblic Myrobalan|| Anti–ageing / causing rejuventation (''vaya sthapana'')  

| 44.''Amalaka'' [Emblica offiinalis Gaern] or Emblic Myrobalan|| Anti–ageing / causing rejuventation (''vaya sthapana'')  

| 45.''Haritaki'' [Terminalia Chebula] or Chebulic Myrobalan|| Producing wholesome effect (''pathya'')

| 45.''Haritaki'' [Terminalia Chebula] or Chebulic Myrobalan|| Producing wholesome effect (''pathya'')

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| 46.Root of ''Eranda'' [Ricinus communis Linn] or castor oil|| Increasing virility and alleviating ''vata'' (''vrishya vatahara'')

| 46.Root of ''Eranda'' [Ricinus communis Linn] or castor oil|| Increasing virility and alleviating [[vata]] (''vrishya vatahara'')

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| 47.Root of ''pippali'' [Piper longum Linn] or long pepper|| Digestive stimulant, carminative, relieves abdominal distension  (''Deepaniya pachaniya anahprasamana'')  

| 47.Root of ''pippali'' [Piper longum Linn] or long pepper|| Digestive stimulant, carminative, relieves abdominal distension  (''Deepaniya pachaniya anahprasamana'')