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The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]

The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]

Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions.(SAT-A.159)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems.Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and smriti (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence.  

Buddhi (intellect) is the power of forming and retaining conceptions and general notions.(SAT-A.159)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It includes perception, comprehension, understanding, and knowledge. Intellect is the ability of the mind to reach a correct conclusion about true and false and solve problems.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. Intellect. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 13, 2021, 20:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellect&oldid=1017624289. Accessed June 30, 2021.</ref>Dhee (intellect), dhriti (restraint), and smriti (memory) are three faculties responsible for intelligence.  

All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.

All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.

==Etymology and derivation ==

==Etymology and derivation ==

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The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ is derived from root “budh” meaning “to know”.  

The Sanskrit word ‘buddhi’ is derived from root “budh” meaning “to know”.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

==Synonyms ==

==Synonyms ==

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The synonyms of buddhi are maneesha, dhishana, dhee, prajna, shemushi, mati, preksha, upalabdhi, chit, samvit, pratipat, jnapti, chetana, samjna, aaman, pradhana and prajnana.   

The synonyms of buddhi are maneesha, dhishana, dhee, prajna, shemushi, mati, preksha, upalabdhi, chit, samvit, pratipat, jnapti, chetana, samjna, aaman, pradhana and prajnana.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>  

==Contextual meanings==

==Contextual meanings==

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b)Acquired through the process of learning (shastraja buddhi)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]9/24, chakrapani]

b)Acquired through the process of learning (shastraja buddhi)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]9/24, chakrapani]

Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.  Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.  

Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.<ref>Plomin, R., von Stumm, S. The new genetics of intelligence. Nat Rev Genet 19, 148–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.104</ref> Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.<ref>Makharia A, Nagarajan A, Mishra A, Peddisetty S, Chahal D, Singh Y. Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016;25(2):189-194. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16</ref>

==Three categories of learners:==

==Three categories of learners:==

===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===

===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===

A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children.  IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.  

A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. <ref>Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403</ref> This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children.  IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.<ref>Kaufman, Alan S.; Engi Raiford, Susan; Coalson, Diane L. (2016). Intelligent Testing With the WISC-V. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.</ref>

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In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]  

In embryological development, the buddhi starts functioning in the sixth month of gestation. [Su. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/30] It originates from soul (atmaja bhava).[Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]]3/10]  

The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation  onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.

The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref> onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.

===Site of buddhi===

===Site of buddhi===

The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The  "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13]  Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]

The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The  "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13]  Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]

===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===

===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===

The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.   

The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.<ref>Roth G, Dicke U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID: 15866152.</ref>  

===Sensory perceptions:===

===Sensory perceptions:===

The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]

The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]

The following table shows the association of [[indriya]] buddhi and associated areas in brain.

The following table shows the association of [[indriya]] buddhi and associated areas in brain.<ref>Aniket Anil Shilwant, Role of indriya in cognition as explained in Ayurveda with reference to receptors, Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2020;8(6):23-30.</ref>

   

   

'''Table : Association of indriya and areas of cerebral cortex'''  

'''Table : Association of indriya and areas of cerebral cortex'''  

Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]

Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]

A study was conducted to analyse the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.   

A study was conducted to analyse the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>  

===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===

===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===

The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties (jnanendriya) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including mind, ego, and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of mind. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].

The process of cognition is known as “jnanotpatti”. The five sensory faculties (jnanendriya) give inputs to the internal processing unit, including mind, ego, and intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/24] The sensory signals are subjected to analysis, thought process, and generation of assumptions at the level of mind. The intellect performs the process of discrimination (adhyavasaya) and decision (nishchaya). It sends signals to the motor faculty for initiation of needful action. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/20-23].

In the current view, cognitive functions include perception, attention, memory, learning, decision making, language abilities etc. The process is carried out in the brain and nervous system. In perception, physical and chemical stimulation of the sensory system and transmission of signals through the nervous system to the brain occurs. Perception is influenced by the person’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention. The perception, learning, and memory formation are explained based on the concept of synapses of neurons. The pre and post-synaptic neurons and their inter-cellular and intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for these functions. Recent studies state that the star-shaped cells called astrocytes occupy half of the brain volume. Earlier it was thought to have only structural and metabolic functions. They have a specific role in cognitive functions like learning, perception, conscious processing, and memory formation.  

In the current view, cognitive functions include perception, attention, memory, learning, decision making, language abilities etc.<ref>Kiely, Kim (2014). "Cognitive function". In Michalos, Kim M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer. pp. 974–978.</ref> The process is carried out in the brain and nervous system. In perception, physical and chemical stimulation of the sensory system and transmission of signals through the nervous system to the brain occurs. Perception is influenced by the person’s learning, memory, expectation, and attention.<ref>Bernstein, Douglas A. (5 March 2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124.</ref> The perception, learning, and memory formation are explained based on the concept of synapses of neurons. The pre and post-synaptic neurons and their inter-cellular and intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for these functions. Recent studies state that the star-shaped cells called astrocytes occupy half of the brain volume. Earlier it was thought to have only structural and metabolic functions. They have a specific role in cognitive functions like learning, perception, conscious processing, and memory formation.<ref>Alfredo P Jr, Pereira MA, Furlan FA. Recent advances in brain physiology and cognitive processing. Mens Sana Monogr. 2011;9(1):183-192. doi:10.4103/0973-1229.77434</ref>

   

   

Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with mind and soul, its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.

Studies on the relation of [[indriya]] (sense and motor organs), its connection with mind and soul, its influence on functions of the brain and nervous system can provide more inputs in understanding the process of cognition.

Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of health. Purification therapy (shodhana chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]  

Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of health. Purification therapy (shodhana chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]  

Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.  

Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>

==Importance in healthcare management and teaching:==

==Importance in healthcare management and teaching:==

===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===

===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===

Ghee (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]  

Ghee (ghrita) is recommended for promoting intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43], [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 5/37]  

The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.  

The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>

===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===  

===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===