2,062
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Created page with "Oushada means medicine and sevanakala means time of administration. The time of administration of medicines is called oushadha sevana kala. The efficacy and safety of a partic..."
Oushada means medicine and sevanakala means time of administration. The time of administration of medicines is called oushadha sevana kala. The efficacy and safety of a particular medicine depends on many factors and among them the time of intake of medicine also plays an important role.
==Synonyms==
Bheshajakala
==Types of bheshajakala==
Generally 10 oushada sevana kalas are explained in Ayurveda
#Empty stomach
#Before food
#After food
#In between food
#Before and after food
#Along with food
#Along with each morsel
#In between two morsels
#Frequent
#Bed time
===Empty stomach===
'''Synonyms:''' Prataha niranna, abaktam, ananna
This oushada sevanakala represents administration of medicine in the morning without taking any food. The morning time can be considered as early morning during sunrise [Sha.Pu.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or it may be the time after the increased [[kapha]] has moved out of the stomach [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> that is the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). The potency of the medicines will be more at this time. Thus it can cure the diseases immediately. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs should be administered at this time. By this scarifying property can be attained [Sha.Pu.2/4].<ref name=Shargadara/>
'''Indications and contraindications:''' It is contraindicated to children, old aged persons; ladies etc debilitated persons because it may cause tiredness and weakness [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/67].<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is also contraindicated to persons having thirst, who took cold water, who is hungry [A.S.Sutra sthana.23/23].<ref name=Sangraha/> Because of these reasons the medicine should be given at this time only to the person with good strength [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref>
===Before food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktaadau, prakbaktam, purvabhakta, annadau
In this oushadha kala the medicine is administered prior to the food intake. The medicine will undergo digestion with ease, it won’t reduce strength of the patient, and it won’t expel through mouth as it gets covered with food. It cures diseases in the lower part of body and strengthens the lower part of body. In order to make the body thin medicine should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/15]<ref name=Sangraha/> By this the [[dosha]] present in the stomach (amasaya) gets destroyed. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/44]<ref name=Kashyapa/>
'''Indications:''' It is indicated for old aged, children, ladies and coward. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/69]<ref name=Susruta/>
===After food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta paschat, adobaktam, adahabaktam, ante
In this oushada kala the medicine is administered just after the food intake. Administration of medicine after food cures diseases of upper part of body and it provides more strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It causes stoutness of body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===In between food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta Madhya, madhyabaktam, madhye
It is used to treat persons with less digestive fire.[Sha.Pu.2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/> It cures diseases of middle part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/> The medicine gets obstructed by food in both directions and thus easily extracts the [[dosha]]s from internal organs (antaraashaya). [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It cures the diseases related to gut. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===Before and after food (samudgam)===
It is used to treat hiccups, tremors and convulsions. [Sha.Pu.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr Sutrasthana 13/41]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The medicine should be given along with light meal and meal should be in less quantity. [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/301] If [[dosha]] spreads in both directions, upper and lower [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/77]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa.Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> the medicines should be given at this time.
===Along with food===
'''Synonym:''' Annaihi yuktam, sabhaktam, saannam
Administration of medicines by mixing with different (attractive) meals. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/301] It is used to treat anorexia. [Sha.Pu.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/> The medicine can be given at this time to both who have strength and without strength, those who have aversion towards medicine and for children and old aged. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/> This helps to protect strength and digestive fire. It is used to treat the diseases affecting whole body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/18]<ref name=Sangraha/>
'''Indications:''' Persons with less digestive fire, ladies, delicate, wounded and weak. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/>
===Along with each morsel===
'''Synonym:''' Grasa, grase grase, sagrasam
Aphrodisiac ([[vajeekarana]]) medicines and medicines for increasing the digestive fire [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> should be administered by adding with each morsel of food.
'''Indications:''' Weak persons, persons having seminal debility (ksheenashukra), scanty semen (alpasukra) [Ka.Sa Khilasthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, less digestive fire [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>, disorders of speech (swarabanga) and diseases related to throat. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>
===In between two morsels===
'''Synonyms:''' Grasaantare, kavalantare
Emetic smoking in conditions of dyspnoea etc should be given in between morsels of food.[Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/> Medicines for cardiac diseases, drugs for therapeutic vomiting and medicated smoke [A.S.Su.23/22] should be given at this time. Disorders of speech (swarabanga) and diseases related to throat [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> also should be treated at this time.
===Frequent===
'''Synonym:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu
In this oushadhakala the medicine is administered often and often. To treat thirst (thrit), vomiting (chardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (swasa) and poision (gara) the medicine should be given frequently. The medicines can be given along with food or without food. [Sha.Pu.2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> For cough also this oushadakala should be selected [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/79]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/> [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>
==Bed time (Nishi)==
Here the medicine is administered in night after food at bedtime. It is used to treat the diseases of head and neck. [Sha.Pu.02/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Scarifying (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shaman) medications can be given at night.
Apart from these ten oushada sevankala some scholars consider certain other time period for the administration of medicine. They are as follows
==In between two meals==
'''Synonyms:''' Antarabhaktam, bhaktasya madhyam
In this oushadhakala the intake of medicine is at midday after the digestion of breakfast and after the digestion of medicine food is given at evening.
It is indicated for those who are having good digestive fire.[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/> and persons with mild diseases. [Ka.Sa Khilasthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/> The medicine at this time is good to heart (hridhya), gives more strength to mind (manobalakara), increases the digestive fire ([[deepana]]) and is wholesome (pathya). [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/>
'''Medicine mixed with food'''(bhaktasamyuktam) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/297]
==Importance of oushada sevanakala==
The oushada sevanakala is mentioned especially for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13]
===Based on dosha===
Empty stomach – Medicines for aggravated [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] conditions should be given at this time. [Sha.Pu.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/> In the vitiation of vyana [[vata]] medicines should be administered at this time. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299]
Before food – This helps to treat the diseases caused by vitiation of apaana [[vata]][Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] Some scholars have the opinion that it will helps to treat the diseases caused by vitiation of apaana [[vata]] if the medicine is given before the breakfast. [Sha.Pu.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/>
After food – Administration of medicines at this time can treat udana [[vata]] vitiation. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] If medicine administered after breakfast helps to treat vyana [[vata]] disorders [Sha.Pu.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra sthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> and if medicines are given after evening food the disorders caused by prana [[vata]] can be treated. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> Certain other scholars opine that if medicines are given after evening food, can treat udana [[vata]] vitiation. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Su. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> In disorders of [[kapha]] origin, medicines should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
In between food – It is used to treat samana [[vata]] vitiation.[Sha.Pu.2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/38]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/> In disorders of [[pitta]] origin medicines should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>
Along with each morsel and in between two morsel – When prana [[vata]] is vitiated, medicine is to be advocated along with each morsel or in between two morsel [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Some scholars have the opinion that to treat udaana [[vata]], medicine should be given at this time period. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>
In between two meals: In diseases caused due to vyana [[vata]] [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>, medicine can be given at this time period.
==Based on the form of medicine==
*Empty stomach – Decoction[Sha.Pu.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>
*Before and after food – Electuaries (avaleha) for digestion ([[pachana]])
*Along which each morsel – Medicines in powder,electuary and tablet form [AS.Su.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/>
*In between two morsel – Electuaries [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>
==Current researches==
The study of how the effects of drugs vary with biological timings is called chronopharmacology. In a study it is reported that the absorption of diclofenac was significantly low if administered in the evening when compared with the morning dosage. It also shows a delay in absorption for the evening dosage.<ref>M.Mustofa, S. Suryawati et al. The relative bioavailability of diclofenac with respect to time of administration. Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1991), 32, 246-247</ref> The absorption of paracetamol after overnight fasting is five times more when ingested after a high carbohydrate diet.<ref>McGilveray, I. J. & Mattok, G. L. (1972). Some factors affecting the absorption of paracetamol. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 24, 615-619</ref> The drug flurbiprofen shows more effective in improving the symptoms like pain and spinal flexibility in rheumatoid arthritis patients if given in morning than in evening. This suggests that the time of drug administration may also be a factor which influences the therapeutic efficacy.<ref>Pownall R, Pickvance NJ. The optimum interval between flurbiprofen doses--scheduling for circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pract. 1987;41(4):689-693.</ref>
For certain drugs the time of administration may be as important as the dose and route of administration. In order to prevent the variations in pharmacokinectics of a drug the time of administration should also be controlled. Lipophilic drugs are found to be absorbed faster in the morning when compared to the evening. In a day gastric acid secretion, gastric pH, gastric motility, gastric emptying time and gastric blood flow vary according to time. These factors might have an impact over the absorption of drug.<ref>Pinar Erkekoglu, Terken Baydar. Chronopharmacokinectics of drugs in toxicological aspects: A short review for pharmacy practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract. 2012 Jul-Sep; 1(1): 3–9. doi: 10.4103/2279-042X.99670</ref>
A large number of drugs like analgesics, antibiotics, antitumor drugs, immunosuppressive agents, cardio vascular drugs, antidepressants etc show varying potency and disposition kinectics based on the time of drug administration.<ref>Zhang C, Yu Z, Li X, Xu Y, Liu D (2014) Chronopharmacodynamics and Chronopharmacokinetics of Pethidine in Mice. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102054</ref>
At the same time for certain drugs like aminoglycosides the drug administration time shows no difference in pharmacokinectics and nephrotoxicity.<ref>Erik van Maarseveen, Wai Hong Man et al. Chronopharmacokinectics of once daily dosed aminoglycosides in hospitalized infectious patients. Int J Clin Pharm (2015) 37:342–347 DOI 10.1007/s11096-015-0066-7 </ref>
==List of theses done==
#Srividhya H Iyer (2003). Concept of Bhaishajyakaala and its applicability in relation to agni w.s.r to Amlapitta. Department of Basic Principles. IPGT&RA Jamnagar
==More information==
[[Yonivyapat Chikitsa]]
==References==
==Synonyms==
Bheshajakala
==Types of bheshajakala==
Generally 10 oushada sevana kalas are explained in Ayurveda
#Empty stomach
#Before food
#After food
#In between food
#Before and after food
#Along with food
#Along with each morsel
#In between two morsels
#Frequent
#Bed time
===Empty stomach===
'''Synonyms:''' Prataha niranna, abaktam, ananna
This oushada sevanakala represents administration of medicine in the morning without taking any food. The morning time can be considered as early morning during sunrise [Sha.Pu.2/2]<ref name= Shargadara> Sharangadhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha orientalia;2016.</ref> or it may be the time after the increased [[kapha]] has moved out of the stomach [A.S.Sutra Sthana.23/14]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> that is the time of breakfast (7.30AM-8.30AM). The potency of the medicines will be more at this time. Thus it can cure the diseases immediately. The therapeutic vomiting and purgative drugs should be administered at this time. By this scarifying property can be attained [Sha.Pu.2/4].<ref name=Shargadara/>
'''Indications and contraindications:''' It is contraindicated to children, old aged persons; ladies etc debilitated persons because it may cause tiredness and weakness [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/67].<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It is also contraindicated to persons having thirst, who took cold water, who is hungry [A.S.Sutra sthana.23/23].<ref name=Sangraha/> Because of these reasons the medicine should be given at this time only to the person with good strength [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/45]<ref name=Kashyapa> Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref>
===Before food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bhuktaadau, prakbaktam, purvabhakta, annadau
In this oushadha kala the medicine is administered prior to the food intake. The medicine will undergo digestion with ease, it won’t reduce strength of the patient, and it won’t expel through mouth as it gets covered with food. It cures diseases in the lower part of body and strengthens the lower part of body. In order to make the body thin medicine should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/15]<ref name=Sangraha/> By this the [[dosha]] present in the stomach (amasaya) gets destroyed. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/44]<ref name=Kashyapa/>
'''Indications:''' It is indicated for old aged, children, ladies and coward. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/69]<ref name=Susruta/>
===After food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta paschat, adobaktam, adahabaktam, ante
In this oushada kala the medicine is administered just after the food intake. Administration of medicine after food cures diseases of upper part of body and it provides more strength to upper part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> It pacifies the diseases of chest, throat and head immediately. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It causes stoutness of body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===In between food===
'''Synonyms:''' Bukta Madhya, madhyabaktam, madhye
It is used to treat persons with less digestive fire.[Sha.Pu.2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/> It cures diseases of middle part of body. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/72]<ref name=Susruta/> The medicine gets obstructed by food in both directions and thus easily extracts the [[dosha]]s from internal organs (antaraashaya). [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/47]<ref name=Kashyapa/> It cures the diseases related to gut. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>
===Before and after food (samudgam)===
It is used to treat hiccups, tremors and convulsions. [Sha.Pu.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr Sutrasthana 13/41]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> The medicine should be given along with light meal and meal should be in less quantity. [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/301] If [[dosha]] spreads in both directions, upper and lower [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/77]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa.Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/20]<ref name=Sangraha/> the medicines should be given at this time.
===Along with food===
'''Synonym:''' Annaihi yuktam, sabhaktam, saannam
Administration of medicines by mixing with different (attractive) meals. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/301] It is used to treat anorexia. [Sha.Pu.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/> The medicine can be given at this time to both who have strength and without strength, those who have aversion towards medicine and for children and old aged. [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/> This helps to protect strength and digestive fire. It is used to treat the diseases affecting whole body. [A.S.Sutrasthana 23/18]<ref name=Sangraha/>
'''Indications:''' Persons with less digestive fire, ladies, delicate, wounded and weak. [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/>
===Along with each morsel===
'''Synonym:''' Grasa, grase grase, sagrasam
Aphrodisiac ([[vajeekarana]]) medicines and medicines for increasing the digestive fire [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> should be administered by adding with each morsel of food.
'''Indications:''' Weak persons, persons having seminal debility (ksheenashukra), scanty semen (alpasukra) [Ka.Sa Khilasthana 3/50]<ref name=Kashyapa/>, less digestive fire [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>, disorders of speech (swarabanga) and diseases related to throat. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>
===In between two morsels===
'''Synonyms:''' Grasaantare, kavalantare
Emetic smoking in conditions of dyspnoea etc should be given in between morsels of food.[Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/> Medicines for cardiac diseases, drugs for therapeutic vomiting and medicated smoke [A.S.Su.23/22] should be given at this time. Disorders of speech (swarabanga) and diseases related to throat [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> also should be treated at this time.
===Frequent===
'''Synonym:''' Muhurmuhu, muhuhu
In this oushadhakala the medicine is administered often and often. To treat thirst (thrit), vomiting (chardi), hiccups (hikka), dyspnea (swasa) and poision (gara) the medicine should be given frequently. The medicines can be given along with food or without food. [Sha.Pu.2/11]<ref name=Shargadara/> For cough also this oushadakala should be selected [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/79]<ref name=Susruta/> [Ka.Sa. Khilasthana 3/48]<ref name=Kashyapa/> [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/40]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/21]<ref name=Sangraha/>
==Bed time (Nishi)==
Here the medicine is administered in night after food at bedtime. It is used to treat the diseases of head and neck. [Sha.Pu.02/12]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/41]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Scarifying (lekhana), nourishing ([[brimhana]]), digestive ([[pachana]]) and pacifying (shaman) medications can be given at night.
Apart from these ten oushada sevankala some scholars consider certain other time period for the administration of medicine. They are as follows
==In between two meals==
'''Synonyms:''' Antarabhaktam, bhaktasya madhyam
In this oushadhakala the intake of medicine is at midday after the digestion of breakfast and after the digestion of medicine food is given at evening.
It is indicated for those who are having good digestive fire.[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/> and persons with mild diseases. [Ka.Sa Khilasthana 3/49]<ref name=Kashyapa/> The medicine at this time is good to heart (hridhya), gives more strength to mind (manobalakara), increases the digestive fire ([[deepana]]) and is wholesome (pathya). [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/75]<ref name=Susruta/>
'''Medicine mixed with food'''(bhaktasamyuktam) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/297]
==Importance of oushada sevanakala==
The oushada sevanakala is mentioned especially for pacification (shamana) therapies. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13]
===Based on dosha===
Empty stomach – Medicines for aggravated [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] conditions should be given at this time. [Sha.Pu.2/4]<ref name=Shargadara/> In the vitiation of vyana [[vata]] medicines should be administered at this time. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299]
Before food – This helps to treat the diseases caused by vitiation of apaana [[vata]][Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] Some scholars have the opinion that it will helps to treat the diseases caused by vitiation of apaana [[vata]] if the medicine is given before the breakfast. [Sha.Pu.2/5]<ref name=Shargadara/>
After food – Administration of medicines at this time can treat udana [[vata]] vitiation. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] If medicine administered after breakfast helps to treat vyana [[vata]] disorders [Sha.Pu.2/7]<ref name=Shargadara/>[A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutra sthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> and if medicines are given after evening food the disorders caused by prana [[vata]] can be treated. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/> Certain other scholars opine that if medicines are given after evening food, can treat udana [[vata]] vitiation. [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Su. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/> In disorders of [[kapha]] origin, medicines should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/17]<ref name=Sangraha/>
In between food – It is used to treat samana [[vata]] vitiation.[Sha.Pu.2/6]<ref name=Shargadara/>[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/299] [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/38]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/> In disorders of [[pitta]] origin medicines should be given at this time. [A.S.Sutrasthana. 23/16]<ref name=Sangraha/>
Along with each morsel and in between two morsel – When prana [[vata]] is vitiated, medicine is to be advocated along with each morsel or in between two morsel [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/300] [A.Hr.Sutrasthana.13/39]<ref name=Hridaya/>[A.S.Sutrasthana.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/> Some scholars have the opinion that to treat udaana [[vata]], medicine should be given at this time period. [Sha.Pu.2/10]<ref name=Shargadara/>
In between two meals: In diseases caused due to vyana [[vata]] [A.S.Sutrasthana.23/19]<ref name=Sangraha/>, medicine can be given at this time period.
==Based on the form of medicine==
*Empty stomach – Decoction[Sha.Pu.2/3]<ref name=Shargadara/>
*Before and after food – Electuaries (avaleha) for digestion ([[pachana]])
*Along which each morsel – Medicines in powder,electuary and tablet form [AS.Su.23/22]<ref name=Sangraha/>
*In between two morsel – Electuaries [Su.Sa.Uttarasthana.64/82]<ref name=Susruta/>
==Current researches==
The study of how the effects of drugs vary with biological timings is called chronopharmacology. In a study it is reported that the absorption of diclofenac was significantly low if administered in the evening when compared with the morning dosage. It also shows a delay in absorption for the evening dosage.<ref>M.Mustofa, S. Suryawati et al. The relative bioavailability of diclofenac with respect to time of administration. Br. J. clin. Pharmac. (1991), 32, 246-247</ref> The absorption of paracetamol after overnight fasting is five times more when ingested after a high carbohydrate diet.<ref>McGilveray, I. J. & Mattok, G. L. (1972). Some factors affecting the absorption of paracetamol. J. Pharm. Pharmac., 24, 615-619</ref> The drug flurbiprofen shows more effective in improving the symptoms like pain and spinal flexibility in rheumatoid arthritis patients if given in morning than in evening. This suggests that the time of drug administration may also be a factor which influences the therapeutic efficacy.<ref>Pownall R, Pickvance NJ. The optimum interval between flurbiprofen doses--scheduling for circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pract. 1987;41(4):689-693.</ref>
For certain drugs the time of administration may be as important as the dose and route of administration. In order to prevent the variations in pharmacokinectics of a drug the time of administration should also be controlled. Lipophilic drugs are found to be absorbed faster in the morning when compared to the evening. In a day gastric acid secretion, gastric pH, gastric motility, gastric emptying time and gastric blood flow vary according to time. These factors might have an impact over the absorption of drug.<ref>Pinar Erkekoglu, Terken Baydar. Chronopharmacokinectics of drugs in toxicological aspects: A short review for pharmacy practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract. 2012 Jul-Sep; 1(1): 3–9. doi: 10.4103/2279-042X.99670</ref>
A large number of drugs like analgesics, antibiotics, antitumor drugs, immunosuppressive agents, cardio vascular drugs, antidepressants etc show varying potency and disposition kinectics based on the time of drug administration.<ref>Zhang C, Yu Z, Li X, Xu Y, Liu D (2014) Chronopharmacodynamics and Chronopharmacokinetics of Pethidine in Mice. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102054</ref>
At the same time for certain drugs like aminoglycosides the drug administration time shows no difference in pharmacokinectics and nephrotoxicity.<ref>Erik van Maarseveen, Wai Hong Man et al. Chronopharmacokinectics of once daily dosed aminoglycosides in hospitalized infectious patients. Int J Clin Pharm (2015) 37:342–347 DOI 10.1007/s11096-015-0066-7 </ref>
==List of theses done==
#Srividhya H Iyer (2003). Concept of Bhaishajyakaala and its applicability in relation to agni w.s.r to Amlapitta. Department of Basic Principles. IPGT&RA Jamnagar
==More information==
[[Yonivyapat Chikitsa]]
==References==