Changes

Acharya Bhela specifically mentions the role of [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] in the birth of a child having abnormal anatomy.[ Bhela Sa Sharira Sthana 3/15-16].

Acharya Bhela specifically mentions the role of [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] in the birth of a child having abnormal anatomy.[ Bhela Sa Sharira Sthana 3/15-16].

'''Role of [[Dosha]]'''

'''Role of [[dosha]]'''

Vitiation of all the three doshas during pregnancy is the ultimate cause of congenital disorders. [A. H. Sharira Sthana 1/6] Among them [[vata]] is having the main role as it is the controller of all kind of activities and especially the anatomical formation (akruti)of embryo(garbha) is brought out by [[vayu]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra sthana]] 12/8], [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/50-52]

Vitiation of all the three doshas during pregnancy is the ultimate cause of congenital disorders. [A. H. Sharira Sthana 1/6] Among them [[vata]] is having the main role as it is the controller of all kind of activities and especially the anatomical formation (akruti)of embryo(garbha) is brought out by [[vayu]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra sthana]] 12/8], [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/50-52]

Whichever the part of the pregnant lady’s body is afflicted either by vitiation of [[doshas ]]or by trauma, the identical part of the fetal body also suffers from the same trouble.[ Su Sa Sharira Sthana 3/17]

Whichever the part of the pregnant lady’s body is afflicted either by vitiation of [[doshas ]]or by trauma, the identical part of the fetal body also suffers from the same trouble.[ Su Sa Sharira Sthana 3/17]

Maternal autoantibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal damage. For example, fetal thyroid goiter can be developed in response to maternal Graves' disease.  

Maternal autoantibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal damage. For example, fetal thyroid goiter can be developed in response to maternal Graves' disease.<ref>Panaitescu AM, Nicolaides K. Maternal autoimmune disorders and fetal defects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(13):1798‐1806. doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1326904</ref>

'''Environmental/Epigenetic Factors:'''

'''Environmental/Epigenetic Factors:'''

Acharya Sushruta opines that non-fulfillment of desires produces the fetus which is hump-backed, crooked armed and legged, idiot, dwarf, having disfigured eyes or there is absence of eyes. Non fulfillment can harm both the mother and the fetus, specially suppression of desires related to specific sensory or motor organ (indriya) produces abnormality of corresponding sensory or motor organ (indriya)of the fetus.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana  3/18-21].

Acharya Sushruta opines that non-fulfillment of desires produces the fetus which is hump-backed, crooked armed and legged, idiot, dwarf, having disfigured eyes or there is absence of eyes. Non fulfillment can harm both the mother and the fetus, specially suppression of desires related to specific sensory or motor organ (indriya) produces abnormality of corresponding sensory or motor organ (indriya)of the fetus.[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana  3/18-21].

Various studies indicate that mental illness and neurocognitive decline are prevalent co-morbidities in the adolescent and adult population with Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD).

Various studies indicate that mental illness and neurocognitive decline are prevalent co-morbidities in the adolescent and adult population with Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD).<ref>Khanna AD, Duca LM, Kay JD, Shore J, Kelly SL, Crume T. Prevalence of Mental Illness in Adolescents and Adults With Congenital Heart Disease from the Colorado Congenital Heart Defect Surveillance System. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(4):618‐626. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.05.023</ref>, <ref>Keir M, Ebert P, Kovacs AH, et al. Neurocognition in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: How to Monitor and Prevent Progressive Decline. Can J Cardiol. 2019;35(12):1675‐1685. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.06.020</ref>

==During Intra-partum Period==

==During Intra-partum Period==