2,171
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 102:
Line 102: − + − + − Genes in maternal chromosomes(beejabhaga of shonita), responsible for the formation of uterus (garbhashaya) female not capable of reproduction + − + − Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of maternal chromosomes responsible for the production of uterus (garbhashaya) can conceive, but deliver only dead fetuses + − + − Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of maternal chromosomes responsible for the production of uterus (garbhashaya) as well as those responsible for developing feminine characters incomplete female (varta) Gonadal dysgenesis+ − + + − + − + − Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of paternal chromosomes responsible for the production of sperms(shukra) offspring dies after delivery + − + − Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of paternal chromosomes responsible for the production of sperms(shukra) as well as those responsible for developing masculine characters. incomplete male (trinaputrika) Gonadal dysgenesis+ + + + − Pattern of inheritance Description Example − X-linked dominant • By mutations in genes on the X chromosome. − • In females, a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. − • In males, a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder. − • In most cases, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. fragile X syndrome − + − • In females, a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder.+ − • In males, one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition.+ − • males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females. hemophilia, Fabry disease+ + + + + + + + − + − • So, the mutation can only be passed from father to son. Y chromosome infertility, some cases of Swyer syndrome+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Autosomal dominant • One mutated copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient for a person to be affected.+ − • An affected person can inherit the condition from an affected parent. + − • the condition may result from a new mutation in the gene (e, without any family history) Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome − Autosomal recessive • Both copies of the gene in each cell should have mutations. − • Typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease − − Codominant • Two different versions (alleles) of a gene are expressed. − • Both alleles influence the genetic trait or determine the characteristics of the genetic condition. ABO blood group, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency − − Mitochondrial • Also known as maternal inheritance, − • Applies to the genes in mitochondrial DNA − • As only egg cells contribute mitochondria to the developing embryo, only females can pass on mitochondrial mutations to their children. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) − − Many health conditions are caused by the combined effects of multiple genes which are known as polygenic. It may be by the interactions between genes and the environment also. − Example- heart disease, type 2 diabetes, schizophrenia, certain types of cancer etc.
no edit summary
The yoni vyapad namely “shandi” is an example for the abnormalities in gametes (beeja dushti) leading to the deformity of anatomical structures (ashaya) in fetus due to affliction of [[vata]]leading to the female progeny with underdeveloped primary and secondary sexual characters [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/34-35] which is generally correlated by many scholars with the chromosomal disorder known as “turner syndrome”.
The yoni vyapad namely “shandi” is an example for the abnormalities in gametes (beeja dushti) leading to the deformity of anatomical structures (ashaya) in fetus due to affliction of [[vata]]leading to the female progeny with underdeveloped primary and secondary sexual characters [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/34-35] which is generally correlated by many scholars with the chromosomal disorder known as “turner syndrome”.
Similarly the defect in the sperm (shukra) in various levels causes deformities related to paternal origin. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/30-31]
Similarly the defect in the sperm (shukra) in various levels causes deformities related to paternal origin. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/30-31]
{| class="wikitable"
Female Vitiated factor Outcome Possible modern co-relation
|-
!!Female ! Vitiated factor ! Outcome !Possible modern co-relation
(vandhya) Agenesis of uterus/adnexa leading to infertility
|-
| ||Genes in maternal chromosomes(beejabhaga of shonita), responsible for the formation of uterus (garbhashaya) || female not capable of reproduction (vandhya) || Agenesis of uterus/adnexa leading to infertility
(putipraja) Recurrent pregnancy loss due to genetic disorders.
|-
| ||Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of maternal chromosomes responsible for the production of uterus (garbhashaya)|| can conceive, but deliver only dead fetuses (putipraja) || Recurrent pregnancy loss due to genetic disorders.
Eg:-
|-
| || Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of maternal chromosomes responsible for the production of uterus (garbhashaya) as well as those responsible for developing feminine characters || incomplete female (varta) || Gonadal dysgenesis Eg:-
Turner Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Swyer Syndrome
Swyer Syndrome
Male Genes in paternal chromosomes(beejabhaga of shukra), responsible for the production of sperms(shukra) sterile male
|-
(vandhya) Male Infertility due gonadal agenesis
| Male ||Genes in paternal chromosomes(beejabhaga of shukra), responsible for the production of sperms(shukra) ||sterile male (vandhya) || Male Infertility due gonadal agenesis
|-
(putipraja) Recurrent pregnancy loss due to genetic disorders
| || Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of paternal chromosomes responsible for the production of sperms(shukra)|| offspring dies after delivery (putipraja) || Recurrent pregnancy loss due to genetic disorders
|-
| || Some of the DNA bases(beejabhaga avayva) in the genes of paternal chromosomes responsible for the production of sperms(shukra) as well as those responsible for developing masculine characters.||incomplete male (trinaputrika) || Gonadal dysgenesis
|}
A history of either several spontaneous abortions or offspring with multiple anomalies is an indication for chromosome analyses on both parents. Among known gene disorders, the severity of X-linked disorders differs in males and females. Gene mutations originate more frequently among males, and the frequency increases with advancing paternal age, particularly implicated are the Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, hemophilia A, and the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
A history of either several spontaneous abortions or offspring with multiple anomalies is an indication for chromosome analyses on both parents. Among known gene disorders, the severity of X-linked disorders differs in males and females. Gene mutations originate more frequently among males, and the frequency increases with advancing paternal age, particularly implicated are the Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, hemophilia A, and the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Some genetic conditions are caused by mutations in only a single gene. These conditions are usually inherited in different patterns, depending on the type of gene.
Some genetic conditions are caused by mutations in only a single gene. These conditions are usually inherited in different patterns, depending on the type of gene.
X-linked recessive • Caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Pattern of inheritance !! Description !! Example
|-
| X-linked dominant ||•By mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
•In females, a mutation in one of the two copies of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
•In males, a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder.
•In most cases, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females.
||fragile X syndrome
|-
|X-linked recessive || •Caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.
Y-linked • Caused by mutations in genes on the Y chromosome.
•In females, a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder.
•In males, one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition.
•males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females.
||hemophilia, Fabry disease
|-
|Y-linked || •Caused by mutations in genes on the Y chromosome.
•So, the mutation can only be passed from father to son.
||Y chromosome infertility, some cases of Swyer syndrome
|-
||Autosomal dominant || •One mutated copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient for a person to be affected.
•An affected person can inherit the condition from an affected parent.
•the condition may result from a new mutation in the gene (e, without any family history)
||Huntington disease, Marfan syndrome
|-
||Autosomal recessive ||Both copies of the gene in each cell should have mutations.
•Typically not seen in every generation of an affected family.
||cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease
|-
||Codominant || •Two different versions (alleles) of a gene are expressed.
•Both alleles influence the genetic trait or determine the characteristics of the genetic condition. || ABO blood group, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
|-
|Mitochondrial ||•Also known as maternal inheritance,
•Applies to the genes in mitochondrial DNA
•As only egg cells contribute mitochondria to the developing embryo, only females can pass on mitochondrial mutations to their children. ||Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
|}
Many health conditions are caused by the combined effects of multiple genes which are known as polygenic. It may be by the interactions between genes and the environment also.
Example- heart disease, type 2 diabetes, schizophrenia, certain types of cancer etc.
==Defective genital organs and supportive structures in mother ==
==Defective genital organs and supportive structures in mother ==
Excellence of uterus/female reproductive tract (kshetra) is an essential factor for the normal growth and development of fetus. The accessory structures like placenta (apara) and umbilical cord(nabhi nadi) also play a great role in nourishment of fetus(garbha poshana). Any defect in these structural entities certainly affects the fetus and may lead to some congenital deformities.
Excellence of uterus/female reproductive tract (kshetra) is an essential factor for the normal growth and development of fetus. The accessory structures like placenta (apara) and umbilical cord(nabhi nadi) also play a great role in nourishment of fetus(garbha poshana). Any defect in these structural entities certainly affects the fetus and may lead to some congenital deformities.