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<big>''' Abstract </big>'''

<big>''' Abstract </big>'''

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The chapter deals with the etio-pathogenesis and management of ''hikka'' (hiccups) and ''shwasa'' (dyspnea). The general causative factors include dietary and environmental pathogens and specific pathogenesis is due to involvement of ''vata'' and ''kapha'' as major ''dosha''. Thus five types of ''hikka'' and ''shwasa'' are elaborated. The classification is based upon clinical presentation of disease and includes three types each of ''hikka'' and ''shwasa'' with bad prognostic signs pointing to imminent death. The description comprehends basic priniciples of management focused on removing obstruction of ''kapha'' and allowing proper flow of ''vata'' by means of purification therapies, sudation, nasal errhines, medicated smoking and various formulations. The management emphasizes on nourishment and pacification therapies to successfully treat and prevent ''shwasa'' and ''hikka'' conditions. Depletion therapies are strongly contra-indicated as they may worsen the condition of patient and disease.  

The chapter deals with the etio-pathogenesis and management of ''hikka'' (hiccups) and ''shwasa'' (dyspnea). The general causative factors include dietary and environmental pathogens and specific pathogenesis is due to involvement of ''vata'' and ''kapha'' as major ''dosha''. Thus five types of ''hikka'' and ''shwasa'' are elaborated. The classification is based upon clinical presentation of disease and includes three types each of ''hikka'' and ''shwasa'' with bad prognostic signs pointing to imminent death. The description comprehends basic principles of management focused on removing obstruction of ''kapha'' and allowing proper flow of ''vata'' by means of purification therapies, sudation, nasal errhines, medicated smoking and various formulations. The management emphasizes on nourishment and pacification therapies to successfully treat and prevent ''shwasa'' and ''hikka'' conditions. Depletion therapies are strongly contra-indicated as they may worsen the condition of patient and disease.  

'''Keywords''': ''Shwasa, hikka,'' dyspnea, hiccups, ''tamaka shwasa,'' bronchial asthma, respiratory disorders, ''vamana'', therapeutic emesis, ''virechana'', therapeutic purgation, ''swedana'', sudation. </div>

'''Keywords''': ''Shwasa, hikka,'' dyspnea, hiccups, ''tamaka shwasa,'' bronchial asthma, respiratory disorders, ''vamana'', therapeutic emesis, ''virechana'', therapeutic purgation, ''swedana'', sudation. </div>