Changes

==Contemporary views==

==Contemporary views==

Among all types ofunctuous substances ghee is considered as most important substance.It is also the most commonly used unctuous substance. In view of bio chemistry, each unctuous substance is studied on the basis of fatty acid levels present in it.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. Fatty acid. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 16, 2020, 05:47 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatty_acid&oldid=967931881. Accessed August 20, 2020.</ref>  Ghee contains 53.9 to 66.8 percent of saturated fatty acid.<ref>Ghee [Internet]. [2020 Jul 26; cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee</ref> High saturated fatty acid level in body is consideredas a risk factor for cardio vascular diseases. Excess consumption of saturated fat in diet increases cholesterol concentration, but ingestion of highly unsaturated fattyacids usually reduces the blood cholesterol concentration. It is observed that internal administration of lipids before purification therapies doesn’t increase the blood lipid levels; rather it normalizes lipid levels. In many studies, reduction in lipid levels isreported after the internal oleation therapy.<ref name=Effofsneha>Vasant Patil, Bagel MS, Thakar A B, Effect of snehapana (internal oleation) on lipids.Ancient Science of Life, Vol. 29, No.2 (2009) Pages 32 - 39</ref>

Among all types of unctuous substances ghee is considered as most important substance. It is also the most commonly used unctuous substance. In view of biochemistry, each unctuous substance is studied on the basis of fatty acid levels present in it.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. Fatty acid. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 16, 2020, 05:47 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatty_acid&oldid=967931881. Accessed August 20, 2020.</ref>  Ghee contains 53.9 to 66.8 percent of saturated fatty acid.<ref>Ghee [Internet]. [2020 Jul 26; cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee</ref> High saturated fatty acid level in body is considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Excess consumption of saturated fat in diet increases cholesterol concentration, but ingestion of highly unsaturated fattyacids usually reduces the blood cholesterol concentration. It is observed that internal administration of lipids before purification therapies doesn’t increase the blood lipid levels; rather it normalizes lipid levels. In many studies, reduction in lipid levels is reported after the internal oleation therapy.<ref name=Effofsneha>Vasant Patil, Bagel MS, Thakar A B, Effect of snehapana (internal oleation) on lipids.Ancient Science of Life, Vol. 29, No.2 (2009) Pages 32 - 39</ref>

As observed in a study, when ghee is used as the sole source of fat, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides level are decreased. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the serum and liver lipids were reduced significantly. Cholesterol ester levels, which are involved in the atherogenesis process, decreased significantly. It shows an increase in levels of oleic acid, which helps the LDL to resist oxidation.<ref>Sharma H, Zhang X, Dwivedi C. The effect of ghee (clarified butter) on serum lipid levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation. Ayu. 2010;31(2):134-140. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.72361</ref>

As observed in a study, when ghee is used as the sole source of fat, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triglycerides level are decreased. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the serum and liver lipids were reduced significantly. Cholesterol ester levels, which are involved in the atherogenesis process, decreased significantly. It shows an increase in levels of oleic acid, which helps the LDL to resist oxidation.<ref>Sharma H, Zhang X, Dwivedi C. The effect of ghee (clarified butter) on serum lipid levels and microsomal lipid peroxidation. Ayu. 2010;31(2):134-140. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.72361</ref>

The second most commonly used unctuous substance is oil. Among oil, sesame oil is commonly used. It contains fatty acids like linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, vitamin K etc.<ref> Sesame oil [Internet]. [2020 Aug 5; cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil</ref> The anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory action of sesame oil is reported. A significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesions, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL along with reduction in inflammatory cytokines like IL1-alpha, IL-6 etc. is reported.<ref>Narasimhulu, C. A., Selvarajan, K., Litvinov, D., & Parthasarathy, S. (2015). Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions of sesame oil. Journal of medicinal food, 18(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0138</ref>  

The second most commonly used unctuous substance is oil. Among oil, sesame oil is commonly used. It contains fatty acids like linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, vitamin K etc.<ref> Sesame oil [Internet]. [2020 Aug 5; cited 2020 Aug 15]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil</ref> The anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory action of sesame oil is reported. A significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesions, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL along with reduction in inflammatory cytokines like IL1-alpha, IL-6 etc. is reported.<ref>Narasimhulu, C. A., Selvarajan, K., Litvinov, D., & Parthasarathy, S. (2015). Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions of sesame oil. Journal of medicinal food, 18(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0138</ref>  

Coconut oil is reported to increase the HDL cholesterol levels significantly, when compared with butter. LDL cholesterol levels were increased significantly by butter than coconut oil. Even though coconut oil and butter are predominantly saturated fats, its effect on serum lipids differ. A significant reduction in C reactive protein is also reported by the use of coconut oil.<ref>Khaw K-T, Sharp SJ, Finikarides L, et al. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ Open 2018;8:e020167. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-020167</ref>

Coconut oil is reported to increase the HDL cholesterol levels significantly when compared with butter. LDL cholesterol levels were increased significantly by butter than coconut oil. Even though coconut oil and butter are predominantly saturated fats, its effect on serum lipids differ. A significant reduction in C reactive protein is also reported by the use of coconut oil.<ref>Khaw K-T, Sharp SJ, Finikarides L, et al. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. BMJ Open 2018;8:e020167. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-020167</ref>

==Current researches==

==Current researches==