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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

The unit ''prasrita'', according to [[Charak Samhita]] is an amount of two ''palas'' which is approximately equal to 100 milliliter (1''pala''=50ml).<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/4 (Cakrapāṇi commentary); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713</ref>,<ref>Agnihotri Avadhabihari; Bhaiṣajyakalpanā Vijñāna; Chaukhamba orientalia publication, 6th edition, 2006, P 7-20.</ref> (verse 1-2)[[Charak Samhita]] is written in the form of dialogue between the teacher (Atreya) and his disciples (mainly Agnivesha). Mild form of ''shodhana'' measures are for those subjects who are not suitable for strong measures and for the patients who suffered with the complications of the measures described in previous chapters. ''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' are major procedures for ''shodhana''. However, these are contraindicated for the tender persons. Tender persons may not tolerate even ''basti''. Therefore, mild forms of ''bastis'' are described for them. Similarly, the measures to treat the complications developed due to the faulty application of the procedures especially the ''basti''.  

The unit ''prasrita'', according to [[Charak Samhita]] is an amount of two ''palas'' which is approximately equal to 100 milliliter (1''pala''=50ml).<ref>Chakrapani, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi ver.4. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editor. Charak Samhita.4th ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref>,<ref>Agnihotri Avadhabihari; Bhaiṣajyakalpanā Vijñāna; Chaukhamba orientalia publication, 6th edition, 2006, P 7-20.</ref> (verse 1-2)[[Charak Samhita]] is written in the form of dialogue between the teacher (Atreya) and his disciples (mainly Agnivesha). Mild form of ''shodhana'' measures are for those subjects who are not suitable for strong measures and for the patients who suffered with the complications of the measures described in previous chapters. ''Vamana'' and ''virechana'' are major procedures for ''shodhana''. However, these are contraindicated for the tender persons. Tender persons may not tolerate even ''basti''. Therefore, mild forms of ''bastis'' are described for them. Similarly, the measures to treat the complications developed due to the faulty application of the procedures especially the ''basti''.  

Some translators interpreted the phrase ''karmana viplutanama'' as ‘exhausted of hard work’.<ref>Dash Bhagavan & Sharma R K; Caraka saṁhitā(English translation); siddhisthāna, chapter 8/3; Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi; 2nd edition, 2005; P 310</ref> However, the meaning of this phrase can be taken as ‘complicated by the consequences of the therapies’, which seems to be more appropriate in this context. The complications may be natural consequences of the therapies or may be due to faulty application. (verse 3)

Some translators interpreted the phrase ''karmana viplutanama'' as ‘exhausted of hard work’.<ref> Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi ver.3. In: Dash Bhagavan & Sharma R K, Editor. Charak Samhita.2nd ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, 2005; P 310</ref>

However, the meaning of this phrase can be taken as ‘complicated by the consequences of the therapies’, which seems to be more appropriate in this context. The complications may be natural consequences of the therapies or may be due to faulty application. (verse 3)

The recipe in verse 4 is composed of total five ''prasritas'' (2 ''prasritas'' of milk, 1 ''prasrita'' each of honey, sesame oil and ''ghrita''), therefore this ''basti'' is named by Gangadhara as ''panchaprasrtika basti''.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, (only samskrita), 5th part, siddhisthāna, chapter 8 (Commentary of Gaṅgādhara); edited by Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, New Delhi, 2002; P 3735.</ref> This ''basti'' is useful for eliminating ''vata'' as well as promoting the strength and the complexion.  

The recipe in verse 4 is composed of total five ''prasritas'' (2 ''prasritas'' of milk, 1 ''prasrita'' each of honey, sesame oil and ''ghrita''), therefore this ''basti'' is named by Gangadhara as ''panchaprasrtika basti''.<ref>Gangadhara, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Sidhi Adhyaya . In: Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Editors. Charak Samhita.? ed. New Delhi;Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, 2002; P 3735.</ref> This ''basti'' is useful for eliminating ''vata'' as well as promoting the strength and the complexion.  

''Vata'' eliminating measures usually promotes quality of ''dhatus'' and ''upadhatus'' (structural components of the body). This eventually results in promotion of the body strength and the complexion. Word ''bala'' also denotes the immune function; hence this may also be interpreted as promoting immune activity. In ancient time to mix a ''basti'' material, churning stick was used. In modern time an electric blender is an ideal alternative. With a blender the mixture is better homogenized than a manual churning stick.

''Vata'' eliminating measures usually promotes quality of ''dhatus'' and ''upadhatus'' (structural components of the body). This eventually results in promotion of the body strength and the complexion. Word ''bala'' also denotes the immune function; hence this may also be interpreted as promoting immune activity. In ancient time to mix a ''basti'' material, churning stick was used. In modern time an electric blender is an ideal alternative. With a blender the mixture is better homogenized than a manual churning stick.

Chakrapani considered ''bilvadi'' group in his [[Ayurveda]] ''deepika'' commentary as ''dashamula''.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/5 (commentary of Cakrapāṇi); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref> This group consists of roots of ten plants viz. ''bilva'' (Aegle marmelos Carr.), ''shyonaka'' (Oroxylum indicumVent.),''gambhari'' (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolensDC.),''agnimantha'' (Premna integrifolia Roxb.), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticumDC.), ''prishniparni'' (Uraria picta Desr.) ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum Linn.), ''kantakari'' (Solanum suranttense Burm.) and ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris Linn.).   

Chakrapani considered ''bilvadi'' group in his [[Ayurveda]] ''deepika'' commentary as ''dashamula''.<ref>Chakrapani, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi ver.5. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editor. Charak Samhita.4th ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref> This group consists of roots of ten plants viz. ''bilva'' (Aegle marmelos Carr.), ''shyonaka'' (Oroxylum indicumVent.),''gambhari'' (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), ''patala'' (Stereospermum suaveolensDC.),''agnimantha'' (Premna integrifolia Roxb.), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticumDC.), ''prishniparni'' (Uraria picta Desr.) ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum Linn.), ''kantakari'' (Solanum suranttense Burm.) and ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris Linn.).   

While Gangadhara in his ''Jalpakalpataru'' commentary mentions this as ''panchamula'' –the roots of a group of five plants viz. ''bilva,shyonaka, gambhari, patala'' and ''agnimantha.''<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, (only samskrita), 5th part, siddhisthana, chapter 8/5 (Commentary of Gaṅgādhara); edited by Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, New Delhi, 2002; P 3735.</ref>Since next verse (5th) describes a recipe with ''panchamula'', in this verse considering ''bilvadi'' as ''dashamula'' is more logical and practical. This ''basti'' consists a total of eight ''prasritas'' (one ''prasrita'' each of ''taila, prasanna, madhu'' and ''ghrita'' and two ''prasritas'' each of ''bilvadi'' decoction and ''kulattha'' decoction). Therefore, Gangadhara names this as ''ashtaprasritika basti''.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā  (only samskrita), 5th part, siddhisthāna,  chapter 8 (Commentary of Gaṅgādhara); edited by Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, New Delhi, 2002; P 3735.</ref>

While Gangadhara in his ''Jalpakalpataru'' commentary mentions this as ''panchamula'' –the roots of a group of five plants viz. ''bilva,shyonaka, gambhari, patala'' and ''agnimantha.''<ref>Gangadhara, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Sidhi Adhyaya.Verse 5 In: Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Editors. Charak Samhita.? ed. New Delhi;Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, 2002; P 3735.</ref>Since next verse (5th) describes a recipe with ''panchamula'', in this verse considering ''bilvadi'' as ''dashamula'' is more logical and practical. This ''basti'' consists a total of eight ''prasritas'' (one ''prasrita'' each of ''taila, prasanna, madhu'' and ''ghrita'' and two ''prasritas'' each of ''bilvadi'' decoction and ''kulattha'' decoction). Therefore, Gangadhara names this as ''ashtaprasritika basti''.<ref>Gangadhara, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Sidhi Adhyaya . In: Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Editors. Charak Samhita.? ed. New Delhi;Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, 2002; P 3735.</ref>

The ''basti'' in verse six, consists of total nine ''prasritas'' i.e. ''panchamula'' decoction- five ''prasritas'', sesame oil - two ''prasritas'', honey- one ''prasrita, ghrita''- one ''prasrita''. Therefore, Gangadhara names this as ''navaprasritika basti''.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā (only samskrita), 5th part, siddhisthāna,  chapter 8 (Commentary of Gaṅgādhara); edited by Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, New Delhi, 2002; P 3736</ref> (verses 4-6)

The ''basti'' in verse six, consists of total nine ''prasritas'' i.e. ''panchamula'' decoction- five ''prasritas'', sesame oil - two ''prasritas'', honey- one ''prasrita, ghrita''- one ''prasrita''. Therefore, Gangadhara names this as ''navaprasritika basti''.<ref>Gangadhara, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Sidhi Adhyaya . In: Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Editors. Charak Samhita.? ed. New Delhi;Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, 2002; P 3736.</ref> (verses 4-6)

''Aksha'' and ''karsha'' are the units of same amount, which is equal to about twelve grams. Hence the amount of rock salt in this basti would be about 6 grams. ''Shukra'' is one of the seven ''dhatus'' (structural components). ''Shukra'' is not a single entity. It comprises male reproductive cells and substances including the androgenic hormones responsible for manhood in a man. This ''basti'' promotes quality and quantity of all these entities in the body.

''Aksha'' and ''karsha'' are the units of same amount, which is equal to about twelve grams. Hence the amount of rock salt in this basti would be about 6 grams. ''Shukra'' is one of the seven ''dhatus'' (structural components). ''Shukra'' is not a single entity. It comprises male reproductive cells and substances including the androgenic hormones responsible for manhood in a man. This ''basti'' promotes quality and quantity of all these entities in the body.

The usual contents of a ''niruha basti'' are salt, honey, oil'', kalka'' and decoction (or a liquid). These are to be mixed by churning in the sequence as mentioned above. Here the mixing may be in this sequence- ''saindhava'', honey, oil, ''ghrita, hapusha'' (fruits of Juniperus communis Linn.)and milk.(verse 7)

The usual contents of a ''niruha basti'' are salt, honey, oil'', kalka'' and decoction (or a liquid). These are to be mixed by churning in the sequence as mentioned above. Here the mixing may be in this sequence- ''saindhava'', honey, oil, ''ghrita, hapusha'' (fruits of Juniperus communis Linn.)and milk.(verse 7)

''Basti'' is usually contraindicated in ''kushtha'' [Ca. Si. 2/14]<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 2/14; edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 688.</ref>. However, Sushruta Samhita recommends ''niruhabastis'' in this condition [Su.Ci.35/22].<ref>Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Chikitsa sthana, Chapter 35/22; Edited by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayana Ram Acharya; 4th edithion, 1980, P 527 </ref> Practically ''niruha basti'', with bitter substances e.g. ''panchatikta niruha'', is useful in ''kushtha''.

''Basti'' is usually contraindicated in ''kushtha''<ref>Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.2 Panchakamiya Siddhi ver.14. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editor. Charak Samhita.4th ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 688.</ref>. However, Sushruta Samhita recommends ''niruhabastis'' in this condition.<ref>Sushruta. Chikitsa Sthana, Cha.35 Netrabastipramana pravibhaga Chikitsitam Adhyaya verse 22. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya and Narayana Ram Acharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 4th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;1980, P 527.</ref> Practically ''niruha basti'', with bitter substances e.g. ''panchatikta niruha'', is useful in ''kushtha''.

The quantity of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Chakrapani on this verse, it may be decided. <ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/8-9 (Cakrapāṇi commentary); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref> In the ''niruha bastis'' with an amount of twelve ''prasritas'', the amount of ''kalka'' is usually two ''palas'' (about 100gms). In present recipe, the amount is five ''prasritas'' and therefore the amount of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of ''kalka'' is not mentioned.  

The quantity of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' is not mentioned in the above recipe. According to commentary of Chakrapani on this verse, it may be decided. <ref>Chakrapani, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi ver.8-9. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editor. Charak Samhita.4th ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref> In the ''niruha bastis'' with an amount of twelve ''prasritas'', the amount of ''kalka'' is usually two ''palas'' (about 100gms). In present recipe, the amount is five ''prasritas'' and therefore the amount of ''kalka'' of ''sarshapa'' would be about 40 gms. This principle is applicable in latter recipes also where the amount of ''kalka'' is not mentioned.  

This ''basti'' contains ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.) which is the best among ''krimighna''(anti-parasitic) [Ca.Su. 25/40] substances. Therefore, it has a ''kriminashana'' effect. (verse 9-10)

This ''basti'' contains ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm.) which is the best among ''krimighna''(anti-parasitic) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] substances. Therefore, it has a ''kriminashana'' effect. (verse 9-10)

Gangadhara in his ''Jalpakalpataru'' commentary considers ''payasyas ksheerakakoli'', which is Fritillaria roylei Hook. Some scholars consider ''payasyaas vidari'', but at present, ''vidari'' recipies already include one ingredient therefore to consider it ''ksheerakakoli'' is appropriate.

Gangadhara in his ''Jalpakalpataru'' commentary considers ''payasyas ksheerakakoli'', which is Fritillaria roylei Hook. Some scholars consider ''payasyaas vidari'', but at present, ''vidari'' recipies already include one ingredient therefore to consider it ''ksheerakakoli'' is appropriate.

If the purgation is in excess, it may cause significant loss of stool along with essential substances (e.g.water and electrolytes). This requires immediate attention to prevent the harm due to depletion of essential body components.

If the purgation is in excess, it may cause significant loss of stool along with essential substances (e.g.water and electrolytes). This requires immediate attention to prevent the harm due to depletion of essential body components.

In such a condition it is to be corrected by eating ''mashayusha'' (soup of black beans) and ''kulmasha'' (half cooked grains); and by taking honey or ''sura''. ''Kulmasha'' is also interpreted as a sour gruel (prepared by the spontaneous fermentation of fruit-juices or boiled rice). However, according to Chakrapani this is half cooked grain (barley etc.), which is popularly known as ''ghughuni''.<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā, siddhisthāna, chapter 8/18 (Cakrapāṇi commentary); edited by Yadavji trikamji acharya; Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref>,<ref>Agniveśa, Caraka, Dṛḍhabala; Caraka saṁhitā (only samskrita), 5th part, siddhisthāna, chapter 8 (Commentary of Cakrapāṇi on 13-14); edited by Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, New Delhi, 2002; P 3738.</ref>. This is known as ''ghughari'' in Gujarat and western Madhya Pradesh. This is more suitable interpretation. This is considered to be well nourishing food article. (verse 18)

In such a condition it is to be corrected by eating ''mashayusha'' (soup of black beans) and ''kulmasha'' (half cooked grains); and by taking honey or ''sura''. ''Kulmasha'' is also interpreted as a sour gruel (prepared by the spontaneous fermentation of fruit-juices or boiled rice). However, according to Chakrapani this is half cooked grain (barley etc.), which is popularly known as ''ghughuni''.<ref>Chakrapani, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Siddhi ver.18. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editor. Charak Samhita.4th ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal publishers pvt. Ltd; 4th edition 1981; P 713.</ref>,<ref>Chakrapani, Charak. Sidhi Sthana, Cha.8 Prasrita Yogiyam Sidhi Adhyaya. Verse 13-14.In: Kaviraj shree Narendranath sen Gupta, and kaviraj shree Balaichandra sen Gupta, Editors. Charak Samhita.? ed. New Delhi;Rastriya Samskrita Samsthana, 2002; P 3738.</ref>. This is known as ''ghughari'' in Gujarat and western Madhya Pradesh. This is more suitable interpretation. This is considered to be well nourishing food article. (verse 18)

Faulty application of ''bastis'' may cause a complication in the form of atisāra. ''Atisāra'' is a clinical condition of colon characterized by excessive and frequent defecation with altered consistency of stool. In short it may be interpreted as diarrhea. In next verse different forms of atisāra and their management are described. In this verse the condition is characterized by sāma stool (stool containing āma- undigested material), which smells like a decomposing body (putrid smell) and is associated with abdominal pain. Āma is a substance produced due to weak agni resulting in incomplete transformation of substance. In the present context, due to weak jatharāgni the transformation of food in to digested absorbable substances is incomplete resulting in to production of some intermediate substances.<ref>Vāgbhata; Aṣtāṅga Hṛdaya, chapter 13/25; edited by Bhiṣagācārya Hariśāstrī Parādakara Vaidya; Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Reprint 10th edition, 2014; P 216.</ref>,<ref>Śrī Mādhavakara; Mādhavanidāna, volume 1, chapter 25 (madhukośa tīkā of vijayarakṣita and śrī kaṅṭhadatta on 5th verse); edited with madhudhārā hindi commentary by Brakmanand Tripathi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2012; P 573-574.</ref> These substances are known as āma. Because of its adherent quality it is supposed to be a pathogenic substance.In this condition a decoction of ''mustā, ativiṣā, kuṣṭha, nata, dāru'' and ''vacā'' is recommended. These medicines help in ''pāchana'' (termination) of āma.

Faulty application of ''bastis'' may cause a complication in the form of atisāra. ''Atisāra'' is a clinical condition of colon characterized by excessive and frequent defecation with altered consistency of stool. In short it may be interpreted as diarrhea. In next verse different forms of atisāra and their management are described. In this verse the condition is characterized by sāma stool (stool containing āma- undigested material), which smells like a decomposing body (putrid smell) and is associated with abdominal pain. Āma is a substance produced due to weak agni resulting in incomplete transformation of substance. In the present context, due to weak jatharāgni the transformation of food in to digested absorbable substances is incomplete resulting in to production of some intermediate substances.<ref>Vāgbhata; Aṣtāṅga Hṛdaya, chapter 13/25; edited by Bhiṣagācārya Hariśāstrī Parādakara Vaidya; Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi; Reprint 10th edition, 2014; P 216.</ref>,<ref>Śrī Mādhavakara; Mādhavanidāna, volume 1, chapter 25 (madhukośa tīkā of vijayarakṣita and śrī kaṅṭhadatta on 5th verse); edited with madhudhārā hindi commentary by Brakmanand Tripathi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 2012; P 573-574.</ref> These substances are known as āma. Because of its adherent quality it is supposed to be a pathogenic substance.In this condition a decoction of ''mustā, ativiṣā, kuṣṭha, nata, dāru'' and ''vacā'' is recommended. These medicines help in ''pāchana'' (termination) of āma.

The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.

The basti formulations mentioned in this chapter are used widely in today’s clinical practice. However, though atisara (diarrhea) is explained in detail as complication of improperly administered basti, in todays clinical practice, this complication is observed rarely.

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==References==

==References==