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Snehadhyaya (view source)

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The earliest reference to ''snehana'' is found in the ancient text ''Markandeya Purana'' where ''ghrita'' (clarified butter), ''taila'' (oil), ''vasa'' (muscle fat) and ''majja'' (bone marrow) were quoted as ''sneha'' drugs (Mar. 165, 166, 244-245). However, a detailed description of ''snehana- swedana'' (sudation) with complications and their treatments is only found in [[Charak Samhita]] and related [[Ayurveda]] texts. The [[Snehadhyaya]] provides comprehensive information about ''sneha'' (lipids) and ''snehana'' (its therapeutic administration/oleation).

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''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. (Cha. Su. 22/11). ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''prithvi'' (earth) and ''jala'' (water) (Su.su. 41/11). Hence it is responsible for moisture (Hemadri on AH. Su. 1/18), providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength (Su.su. 46/516). ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy) (Cha.Su.22/15 and A.H. ~~Su.~~ 16/1). These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''dhatu'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion (Cha. ~~Chi~~. 15/6). ''Kapha'' and ''pitta'' are two basic ''doshas'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness (A.H. ~~Su.~~ 1/11-12). ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''vata dosha'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble<ref> Weber F, Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents, Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981;77:119-35. </ref> , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.<ref> Mengistie, Alemayehu Belay; Reddy, R. C.; Babu, M. Syam, the effects of workout- based combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training in obese adults of northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness . 2013, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p96-116. 21p. </ref>

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''Sneha'' (lipids): ''Sneha'' is any substance that produces unctousness, softness, moisture, increased secretions etc. in the body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/11] ''Sneha'' is predominantly composed of basic elements - ''prithvi'' (earth) and ''jala'' (water). [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 41/11]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> Hence it is responsible for moisture [Hemadri on A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/18]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>, providing softness to the body while also playing a major role in producing strength. [Su.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 46/516]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Sneha'' qualities can be described using adjectives such as ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cold), ''sara'' (agility), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''manda'' (slow), ''sukshma'' (penetrating), ''mridu'' (soft), ''drava'' (fluid), and ''pichchila'' (slimy). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/15] and [A.H. Sutra Sthana 16/1]<ref name=Hridaya/> These qualities make oleation therapy a prerequisite for most of the [[Panchakarma]] (five purification) procedures since they help in ejecting impurities out through the gut. All ''dhatu'' (body tissues) require ''sneha'' for growth and maintenance. ''Sneha'' adds unctuousness to food preparations, necessary in the process of digestion. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/6] ''Kapha'' and ''pitta'' are two basic ''doshas'' that have ''snigdha'' i.e. unctuousness. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/11-12]<ref name=Hridaya/> ''Sneha'' therapy is mainly indicated for alleviation of ''vata dosha'', which is the main etiological factor responsible for most diseases. Modern science also gives importance to fats. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble<ref> Weber F, Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents, Progress in clinical and biological research, 1981;77:119-35. </ref> , meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported using fats. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function.<ref> Mengistie, Alemayehu Belay; Reddy, R. C.; Babu, M. Syam, the effects of workout- based combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training in obese adults of northwest Ethiopia, International Journal of Sports Sciences & Fitness . 2013, Vol. 3 Issue 1, p96-116. 21p. </ref>

The glycerol formed from catabolism of fats can be converted to glucose by the liver and thus used as a source of energy.<ref> O. E. Owen, A. P. Morgan, H. G. Kemp, J. M. Sullivan, M. G. Herrera et al, Brain metabolism during fasting Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1967 October; 46(10): 1589–1595. </ref> Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance - chemical or biotic—reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute, or at least maintain, an equilibrium of the offending substances by storing them in a new fat tissue. This helps in protecting vital organs, until such time as the offending substances could be metabolized and/or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth.<ref> Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat cited on 4-01-2014 </ref>

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=== Reasons for superiority of sesame oil ===

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Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''kapha-vatahara'' (pacifying ''kapha'' and ''vata dosha'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''dhatu'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound) (Ka. Su. 22/7). Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.<ref> "Sesame and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol", American Heart Association Meeting Report - Abstract 186, Retrived from http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sesame-and-rice-bran-oil-lowers-238424 [cited on 19 dec 2013] </ref>

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Sesame oil is considered the best among all oils because it provides strength and unctuousness in body. It is ''ushna'' (hot) in nature, possesses ''kapha-vatahara'' (pacifying ''kapha'' and ''vata dosha'') properties, and is beneficial for voice and complexion. It also cures fractures and dislocations, purifies ''dhatu'' (body tissues) and ''vrana'' (wound). [Ka.Sa.Sutra Sthana. 22/7] Ongoing research also indicates that the rich presence of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fats in sesame oil could help control blood pressure.<ref> "Sesame and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol", American Heart Association Meeting Report - Abstract 186, Retrived from http://newsroom.heart.org/news/sesame-and-rice-bran-oil-lowers-238424 [cited on 19 dec 2013] </ref>

Due to high Vitamine E content<ref> "Cooking Oils That Are Good For You". CBS News. Retrived from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cooking-oils-that-are-good-for-you/ cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> , Sesame oil is an antioxidant and improves skin health and complexion<ref> Nachbar F, Korting HC, The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J Molecular Medicine. 1995 Jan;73(1):7-17. </ref> while also lowering cholesterol levels.<ref> Correlations between Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K1 in Serum: Paradoxical Relationships to Established Epidemiological Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease retrived from http://www.clinchem.org/content/44/8/1753.full cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Sesame oil also contains magnesium, copper, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6. Copper provides relief for rheumatoid arthritis. magnesium supports vascular and respiratory health.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil#cite_ref-16 cited on 19 dec 2013 </ref> Calcium helps prevent colon cancer, osteoporosis and migraine. Zinc promotes bone health. Clinical studies have shown that a sesame oil massage of infants improved their weight and length, as well as their mid-arm and mid-leg circumferences.<ref> Agarwal, KN; Gupta, A; Pushkarna, R; Faridi, MM; Prabhu, MK (2000). "Effects of massage & use of oil on growth, blood flow & sleep pattern in infants". Inian J Med Res. 112 (212): 7. PMID 11247199. </ref>

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==== ''Ghrita'' (clarified butter / ''ghee'') ====

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''Ghee'' is the best oleate due to prominence in its unctuousness. This property of fats is indicated by saponification value which is highest in ''ghee'' ( 225-235 )<ref> Dhurvey Y.R.*, Kawtikwar P.S., Sakarkar D.M., Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Cow Ghee before and after Hydrogenation, International Journal of ChemTech Research,2012, Vol.4, No.1, pp 185-189 </ref> as compared to sesame oil (188-193)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref>,and animal fat (190-205)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fat, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref> etc. ''Samskara'' (processing) leads to transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. But this change is due to changes in the basic composition of a drug. ''Ghee'' has a unique quality to adopt properties of herbs processed with it without losing its own. If ''ghee'' is processed with drugs with nourishment properties, then it is indicated in degenerative diseases. If it is processed with drugs having hot and strong properties, then it is indicated in obstructive diseases. Therefore, it is considered as the best media for processing. One or the other medicated ''ghee'' preparation is indicated in almost all diseases. It pacifies ''vata'' due to ''snigdha guna'' (unctuous properties) and ''pitta'' due to ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''sheeta'' (cold) properties (Cha. Ni. 1/39). It increases ''shukra'' and ''ojas'' due to similar properties.

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''Ghee'' is the best oleate due to prominence in its unctuousness. This property of fats is indicated by saponification value which is highest in ''ghee'' ( 225-235 )<ref> Dhurvey Y.R.*, Kawtikwar P.S., Sakarkar D.M., Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Cow Ghee before and after Hydrogenation, International Journal of ChemTech Research,2012, Vol.4, No.1, pp 185-189 </ref> as compared to sesame oil (188-193)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_oil, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref>,and animal fat (190-205)<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_fat, cited on 20 dec 2013 </ref> etc. ''Samskara'' (processing) leads to transformation of inherent attributes of a substance. But this change is due to changes in the basic composition of a drug. ''Ghee'' has a unique quality to adopt properties of herbs processed with it without losing its own. If ''ghee'' is processed with drugs with nourishment properties, then it is indicated in degenerative diseases. If it is processed with drugs having hot and strong properties, then it is indicated in obstructive diseases. Therefore, it is considered as the best media for processing. One or the other medicated ''ghee'' preparation is indicated in almost all diseases. It pacifies ''vata'' due to ''snigdha guna'' (unctuous properties) and ''pitta'' due to ''madhura'' (sweet) and ''sheeta'' (cold) properties. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 1/39] It increases ''shukra'' and ''ojas'' due to similar properties.

==== ''Vasa'' (muscle fat) ====

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The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya ([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.[verse 29-30]

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The recommended dose of ''sneha'' would be different for every individual, depending upon the individual’s ''agni'' (digestive capacity), ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) etc. However, for ease in therapeutic applicability, specific doses in ''pala, karsha'' etc. are advised by Arunadatta in his commentary on Ashtangahridaya (Sutra Sthana Chapter 16/17). Two ''pala'' (96 ml) as minimum, four ''pala'' (192ml) as medium, and six ''pala'' (288ml) as maximum dose have been suggested. Sharangadhara (Madhyama Khanda 1/7) and Bhavamishra (Bhavaprakash I-79 iv. 6) suggest the quantities of one ''pala'' (48ml), three ''karsha'' (36ml) and two ''karsha'' (24ml) as the best, medium and least doses respectively.[verse 29-30]

In a research on 29 individuals, it is observed that increasing dose of fat after considering status of [[agni]] and bowel habit of individuals gives better results in oleation therapy. The onset of various symptoms of adequate oleation occur in a sequential manner which is helpful in predicting the duration of oleation and signs of oleation in gastro intestinal tract and peripheral tissues.<ref name="Patil Snehapana">Patil VC, Thakar AB, Baghel MS. Clinical trial on different dose patterns of Shodhanartha Abhyantara Snehana. AYU [serial online] 2013 [cited 2020 Jun 19];34:147-53. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2013/34/2/147/119668</ref>

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==== ''Sneha'' in excessive sex ====

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Those who are involved in excessive sexual activity lose their ''oja'' (vitality) leading to ''dhatukshaya'' (depletion of ''dhatu''), ''vata'' aggravation and loss of unctuousness as mentioned in the pathology of ''rajayakshma''. (Cha. ~~Chi~~. 8/ 24-25). Hence oleation is required in such debilitated persons.

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Those who are involved in excessive sexual activity lose their ''oja'' (vitality) leading to ''dhatukshaya'' (depletion of ''dhatu''), ''vata'' aggravation and loss of unctuousness as mentioned in the pathology of ''rajayakshma''. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/24-25] Hence oleation is required in such debilitated persons.

==== Contraindications of ''Sneha'' ====

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=== Bowel habits and duration of oleation therapy ===

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''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) ~~(As. Hri~~. Su. 1/ 11 ) properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) ~~(AH~~. Su. 1/ 11) properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. ~~(AH~~. Su. 1/ 12). Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, November 2008, (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.[verses 65-69]

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''Koshtha'' i.e. bowel habits are the outcome of ''dosha'' dominance in bowel. ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' dominance causes ''krura'' (hard), ''mridu'' (soft) and ''madhyam'' (moderate) ''koshtha'' (bowel habit) respectively. ''Vata'' due to its ''ruksha'' (dry) [Indhu on A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/ 11]<ref name=Sangraha>Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref> properties causes fast absorption of ''sneha'' and also requires large doses and longer duration for complete oleation. ''Pitta'' has natural unctuousness associated with it due to its ''ushna'' (hot), ''sara'' (easy for dispertion), and ''drava'' (liquid) [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name=Hridaya/> properties. These properties aid in the flow of ''sneha'' across all body parts and hence, an early push of ''dosha'' towards the bowel requires least dose and minimum duration. ''Kapha'' has similar properties as ''sneha''. However, the bowel habit in a ''kapha'' person is moderate due to its ''sthira'' (stable) and sticky properties. [A.H. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name=Hridaya/> Modern science also explains bowel habits, its effects and considers intestinal transit time responsible for it. 40-45 hours is the normal bowel or in Ayurvedic terminology ''madhyama koshtha'' person’s intestinal transit time.<ref> Retrived from http://healthyliving.msn.com/health-wellness/what-your-bowel-movements-are-telling-you-about-your-health-1 cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> If it stays in the gut for longer than that, fluid is re-absorbed into the body and the stool becomes harder and dryer. Body secretes about eight liters of fluid during the course of a day<ref> F. John Gennari, and Wolfgang J. Weise, Acid-Base Disturbances in Gastrointestinal Disease, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, November 2008, (3)6: 1861-1868 </ref> —from the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas—to decompose food and push it through the digestive system. But if food passes through too quickly, there isn’t enough time for all of that liquid to get absorbed, and the stool emerges in a semi-solid or liquid state. Thus, it is the physiological differences based on intestinal transit time that decide the duration of oleation therapy. The nature of a food item or a drug ingested affects bowel movement and explains the differences mentioned above.[verses 65-69]

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Bile, to some extent acts as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the fats in food. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested leading to steatorrhea and vitamin deficiency.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> Thus ''sama pitta'' (''pitta'' that is not formed well) can be due to improper functions of biliary system that can not digest fats properly and produce severe symptoms. Moreover, fats boiled with some medicines may cause correction in this metabolic defect thus advocated in ''sama pitta'' condition.

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All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. (Cha. Su. 2/30.Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.[verse 70-79]

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All the diseases produced as complications are basically of ''kleda'' (moisture) dominant and ''ama'' dominant in nature, hence dry, ''amapachaka'' drugs are indicated in therapy. Medicated buttermilk is indicated to counter the complications of oleation therapy. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/30] Therapeutic emesis, therapeutic purgation are prescribed to remove undigested ''sneha'' from gut preventing further complications.[verse 70-79]

</div>

=== ''Shodhana'' (purification) after oleation ===

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''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. (Cha. Si. 1/ 8-9)., Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''.[verse 80-81]

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''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is done in ''utklishta kapha'' (therapeutically aggravated ''kapha'' by oleation) condition. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is done when ''kapha'' is reduced in body. [Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/ 8-9], Hence, the rest period for performing ''virechana'' after oleation is more (three days) than that of ''vamana''.[verse 80-81]

=== ''Vicharana'' (alternative methods of fat administration) ===

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vilepi (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''laghu, deepaniya, madhura, pathya, tarpana, hridya,vata pittahara''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. Su. 46/342''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/342]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Mamsarasa (meat soup) and mamsa (meat)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''prinana, vata pittahara, hridya, swasa, kasa, shrama,kshya hara, shukrakara''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. ~~Chi~~. 46/359-60''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/359-60]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dugdha (milk)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, sheeta, snigdha, guru''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 1/112''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/112]''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Dadhi (curd)''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yavagu (thick gruel)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''grahi, vatanashaka, balya, tarpana''

−

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. ~~Khi~~. 4/76''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Ka.Sa. Khila Sthana 4/76]''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Supa (soup of green leafy vegetables)''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Yusha (pulses soup)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''deepana, rochana, agnivardhaka, praswedajanana,tridoshashamaka''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Ka. ~~Khi~~. 4/15''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Ka.Sa. Khila Sthana 4/15]''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Khada (cooked buttermilk)- Kambalika (Preparation of Sesame with curd, oil, salt etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''ruchikara, ushna, laghupaki, vata kaphahara, hridya''

−

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. ~~Chi~~. 46/376''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/376]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Saktu (roasted flour of barli, horse gram etc.)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''saktu mantha - sadyobalakara, pipasa, shramanashana, mala-doshanulomana, ruksha''

−

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Su. ~~Chi~~. 46/386-87''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 46/386-87]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Madya (alcohol)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''amla, ushna, vatanulomana, kaphahara''

−

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Cha. Su. 27/178''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/178]<ref name=Susruta/>''

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Leha (confections)''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''madhura, guru''

−

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''As. Su. 25/20''

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| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''[A.S. Sutra Sthana 25/20]<ref name=Sangraha/>''

|-

|}

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Fats acts as good solvent for many metabolic wastes and it enters the cells easily because cell membrane is made up of phospholipids.<ref> Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane cited on 3-01-2014 </ref> Compared to other non-unctous substances, fat materials stays in the body for a stipulated period without causing any harm and also possesses better permeability. The large quantity of fats administered before purification therapies do not undergo digestion and metabolism cycle because the sneha is intended to increase and channelize ''dosha'' towards ''koshtha''.

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According to Sushruta, the disease occurs due to dislodgement of vitiated ''doshas'' in the channels during their circulation in the body (Su.Su.24/10). ''Sneha'' administered internally reaches microchannels and acts as a solvent to remove the obstruction by dissolving ''doshas'' in it, resulting in the removal of obstructions in microchannels, which is one of the important steps in the treatment.

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According to Sushruta, the disease occurs due to dislodgement of vitiated ''doshas'' in the channels during their circulation in the body. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 24/10]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Sneha'' administered internally reaches microchannels and acts as a solvent to remove the obstruction by dissolving ''doshas'' in it, resulting in the removal of obstructions in microchannels, which is one of the important steps in the treatment.

</div>

==== II. Increase in the ''apyamsha'' (liquid content) of the body ====

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This particular phenomenon should be understood regarding ''vriddhi'' i.e. increase in the ''apyamsha'' i.e. liquid content of the body. This leads to ''utklesha'' and can be called as transient increase in ''rasa'' (body fluids) and ''kleda'' (moisture). ''Sneha'' has the predominance of ''apa mahabhuta'', which is corroborated by the specific qualities. (Cha.Su.22/15, AH.Su.1/11) and it is hydrophilic in nature. After proper ''snehana'', all the cells of body become completely saturated with fats. Then the fat material comes out of the cell to extra-cellular fluid by osmosis. So, due to the aqueous properties of ''sneha'' and liquefied waste brought from the tissues, the levels of fatty acids etc. increase in the blood resulting in the high plasma volume. To keep up the equilibrium of the normal plasma, the extra amount of liquid from it, reaches the ''koshtha'' for excretion. This is called as ''anu pravana bhava''. Later on when emetics or purgatives are administered, this increased amount of the body fluids are evacuated by which the vitiated ''doshas'' and in-excreted ''malas'' also expelled out resulting in the radical cure of the disease. By the combined effect of oleation and sudation, excessive increase of ''dosha'' liquification of ''dosha'', digestion of ''dosha'', opening of micro-channels and control of ''vata'' occurs so that, the ''doshas'' come to the ''kostha'' by Anupravana Bhava, then they are expelled out through nearest route by proper ''shodhana karma'' ~~(Ch~~.Su. 28/33).

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This particular phenomenon should be understood regarding ''vriddhi'' i.e. increase in the ''apyamsha'' i.e. liquid content of the body. This leads to ''utklesha'' and can be called as transient increase in ''rasa'' (body fluids) and ''kleda'' (moisture). ''Sneha'' has the predominance of ''apa mahabhuta'', which is corroborated by the specific qualities. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/15], [A.H.Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name=Hridaya/> and it is hydrophilic in nature. After proper ''snehana'', all the cells of body become completely saturated with fats. Then the fat material comes out of the cell to extra-cellular fluid by osmosis. So, due to the aqueous properties of ''sneha'' and liquefied waste brought from the tissues, the levels of fatty acids etc. increase in the blood resulting in the high plasma volume. To keep up the equilibrium of the normal plasma, the extra amount of liquid from it, reaches the ''koshtha'' for excretion. This is called as ''anu pravana bhava''. Later on when emetics or purgatives are administered, this increased amount of the body fluids are evacuated by which the vitiated ''doshas'' and in-excreted ''malas'' also expelled out resulting in the radical cure of the disease. By the combined effect of oleation and sudation, excessive increase of ''dosha'' liquification of ''dosha'', digestion of ''dosha'', opening of micro-channels and control of ''vata'' occurs so that, the ''doshas'' come to the ''kostha'' by Anupravana Bhava, then they are expelled out through nearest route by proper ''shodhana karma''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/33]

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