Changes

=== Indriya ===

=== Indriya ===

Reviewing ''indriya'' requires the review of materials quoted under [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] under [[Sutra Sthana]]. Under this chapter, Charaka has presented ''pancha panchaka vigyana''<ref> Bramhanand Tripathi, commentary on Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthan, 2004 edition,  Choukhamba  Surbharati  Prakashan, Varanasi, 8</ref> and said that there are five ''indriya'', five ''indriya dravya'', five ''indriyaadhishthana'', five ''indriyartha'' and  five ''indriyabuddhi''.[ Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/3]

Reviewing ''indriya'' requires the review of materials quoted under [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] under [[Sutra Sthana]]. Under this chapter, Charaka has presented ''pancha panchaka vigyana''and said that there are five ''indriya'', five ''indriya dravya'', five ''indriyaadhishthana'', five ''indriyartha'' and  five ''indriyabuddhi''.[ Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/3]

After an exhaustive modern review, it can be said that ''panchendriya'' are such types of receptor cells which are located at the most peripheral end part of sensory pathway and function to transform the various specific type of energies into electrical energy, since brain cells know only one type of language/energy i.e. electricity. Therefore, every other type of energy is transformed into electricity and this is done by a frontline transforming cell. In every type of sensory organ, there are specific types of energy transforming cells, e.g. pressure sensitive nerve endings in pacinian corpuscle for touch, taste sensitive nerve endings in taste buds for taste, smell sensitive nerve endings in gustatory cells for smell, light sensitive nerve endings in rods and cones for vision and sound sensitive nerve endings in hair cells for hearing. In this account these cells could be considered ''indriya''. Sensory receptors<ref> Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition, saunders, Philadelphia, page no. 560- 569. </ref> could be classified in the following two ways i.e. (a) On the basis of the location of the receptor, and (b) on the basis of the modality of energies. Under the first category, there are three types, i.e. extero-receptors, intero-receptors and proprio-receptors, and under the second category there are several types of receptors, e.g. mechano-receptors, thermo-receptors, vibro-receptors, baro-receptors, proprio-receptors, photo-receptors, chemo-receptors, osmo-receptors, noscireceptors, tickle-receptors etc.)

After an exhaustive modern review, it can be said that ''panchendriya'' are such types of receptor cells which are located at the most peripheral end part of sensory pathway and function to transform the various specific type of energies into electrical energy, since brain cells know only one type of language/energy i.e. electricity. Therefore, every other type of energy is transformed into electricity and this is done by a frontline transforming cell. In every type of sensory organ, there are specific types of energy transforming cells, e.g. pressure sensitive nerve endings in pacinian corpuscle for touch, taste sensitive nerve endings in taste buds for taste, smell sensitive nerve endings in gustatory cells for smell, light sensitive nerve endings in rods and cones for vision and sound sensitive nerve endings in hair cells for hearing. In this account these cells could be considered ''indriya''. Sensory receptors<ref> Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition, saunders, Philadelphia, page no. 560- 569. </ref> could be classified in the following two ways i.e. (a) On the basis of the location of the receptor, and (b) on the basis of the modality of energies. Under the first category, there are three types, i.e. extero-receptors, intero-receptors and proprio-receptors, and under the second category there are several types of receptors, e.g. mechano-receptors, thermo-receptors, vibro-receptors, baro-receptors, proprio-receptors, photo-receptors, chemo-receptors, osmo-receptors, noscireceptors, tickle-receptors etc.)

|}

|}

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani<ref> Kashinath Shastri, Chakrapanidatta, Ayurved Dipika, Commentary on Charaka Samhita, 1st part, Sharira Sthan, 2007 edition, Choukhamba Samskrit Samsthan, Varanasi, 7/10 </ref>, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.

Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 7/10]

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/4</ref> was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.  

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/4</ref> was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.