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Line 202: − + − + − • Symptoms of decrease of rakta are roughness of skin,cracks, dullness and dryness ofskin.[Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/65]. In addition, craving for sour food, liking for cold substances, looseness of blood vessels is also observed.[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9]. + − + − • Reddish discolouration of eyes and other body parts and fullness of veins are considered as the signs of increase of rakta dhatu. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/10]. + − + − + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − • Bleeding disorders(raktapitta) [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 4/7-9]+ − • Disease due to vata and rakta (vatarakta) [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 29/10]+ − • erysipelas(visarpa) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/23] [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 21/15]+ − • Intoxication(mada), syncope (moorcha), coma(sanyasa) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 24/25] skin diseases(kushtha) [Cha. Sa.NidanaSthana 5/3]+ − • Obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes(prameha) [Cha. Sa.NidanaSthana 4/7]+ − Sub- types of some diseases indicate the major role of rakta in their pathogenesis:+ − Obstinate urinary disorders (raktameha) [Cha. Sa. NidanaSthana 4/32]+ − Micro-organisms originating in blood (shonitajaKrimi)[Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 7/11]+ − Abdominal lump due to blood (raktagulma)[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 5/18]+ − Diarrhoea with blood (raktatisara)[Cha. Sa.ChikitsaSthana 19/70]+ − Abscess with blood (raktavidradhi) [Su. Sam. NidanaSthana 9/14,26]+ − • In case of fever (jwara), when the vitiated dosha are located in the rakta dhatu, following clinical features are observed: Increase in body temperature, eruptions, thirst, frequent spitting mixed with blood burning sensation, discoloration, giddiness, intoxication and incoherent speech. [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 3/77]+ − • In fever (jwara) caused by trauma(abhighata),vitiated vata affects predominantly rakta (blood). This leads to clinical features like discomfort, swelling, discoloration and pain.[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 3/114]. + − • In all other exogenous causative injuries like poison (visha) etc, rakta dhatu is predominantly affected. In such cases, it has both diagnostic and therapeutic importance.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
→Abnormal states
===Abnormal states===
===Abnormal states===
The physician should diagnose the quantitative and qualitative imbalance of raktaby observing various features manifested due to decrease(kshaya) and increase(vridhi).
Clinical featuresof decrease:
The physician should diagnose the quantitative and qualitative imbalance of rakta by observing various features manifested due to decrease(kshaya) and increase(vridhi).
Clinical features of increase:
===Clinical features of decrease:===
Disorders due to blood vitiation:
*Symptoms of decrease of rakta are roughness of skin, cracks, dullness, and dryness of skin.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/65]. In addition, craving for sour food, liking for cold substances, looseness of blood vessels is also observed.[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9].
Following disorders are caused by blood vitiation:
===Clinical features of increase:===
*Reddish discolouration of eyes and other body parts and fullness of veins are considered as the signs of increase of rakta dhatu. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/10].
===Disorders due to blood vitiation:===
'''Following disorders are caused by blood vitiation:'''
Stomatitis, redness in eyes, foul smell in nose and mouth, gulma (abdominal lump), gingivitis (upakusha), erysipelas, bleeding disorder, sleepiness, abscess, hematuria, menorrhagia, vatarakta, discoloration of skin, loss of digestive power, thirst, heaviness in body, pyrexia, extreme debility, anorexia, headache, burning sensation after meals, bitter and sour eructation, physical and mental exhaustion, excessive anger, state of confusion, saline taste in mouth, sweating, fetid odor in body, narcosis, tremors, decreased voice, drowsiness, excessive sleep and feeling of darkness, itching, pustules, patches, boils, leprosy, thick skin, etc.
Stomatitis, redness in eyes, foul smell in nose and mouth, gulma (abdominal lump), gingivitis (upakusha), erysipelas, bleeding disorder, sleepiness, abscess, hematuria, menorrhagia, vatarakta, discoloration of skin, loss of digestive power, thirst, heaviness in body, pyrexia, extreme debility, anorexia, headache, burning sensation after meals, bitter and sour eructation, physical and mental exhaustion, excessive anger, state of confusion, saline taste in mouth, sweating, fetid odor in body, narcosis, tremors, decreased voice, drowsiness, excessive sleep and feeling of darkness, itching, pustules, patches, boils, leprosy, thick skin, etc.
The diseases, which, in spite of being curable, are not alleviated after treatment with any of six therapies like cold-hot, unctuous-rough etc. should be considered as caused by impure blood. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 24/11-17]
Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of blood (raktavahasrotasa):
The diseases, which, in spite of being curable, are not alleviated after treatment with any of six therapies like cold-hot, unctuous-rough etc. should be considered as caused by impure blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 24/11-17]
Following clinical conditions are observed due to affection of channels of transportation and transformation of blood:
Skin diseases (kushtha), erysipelas (visarpa), furuncles (pidaka), bleeding disorders(raktapitta), asrigdara(menorrhagia), inflammation of anus, penis, oral cavity, splenic disorders (pliha), abdominal lump (gulma), abscess (vidradhi), blue mole (nilika), jaundice (kamala), freckles/blemish (vyanga), portwine mark (piplu), black mole of the size of sesame seed (tilakalaka), ringworm (dadru), dermatitis (charmadala), leukoderma (shvitra), scabies (pama), urticaria (kotha), and circular erythema (asra mandala).[Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/11-13]
===Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of blood (raktavahasrotasa):===
Role of rakta dhatu as vitiated factor in disease:
Rakta playsa major role in pathogenesis of following diseases:
'''Following clinical conditions are observed due to affection of channels of transportation and transformation of blood:
'''
Skin diseases (kushtha), erysipelas (visarpa), furuncles (pidaka), bleeding disorders(raktapitta), asrigdara(menorrhagia), inflammation of anus, penis, oral cavity, splenic disorders (pliha), abdominal lump (gulma), abscess (vidradhi), blue mole (nilika), jaundice (kamala), freckles/blemish (vyanga), portwine mark (piplu), black mole of the size of sesame seed (tilakalaka), ringworm (dadru), dermatitis (charmadala), leukoderma (shvitra), scabies (pama), urticaria (kotha), and circular erythema (asra mandala).[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/11-13]
===Role of rakta dhatu as vitiated factor in disease:===
Rakta plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the following diseases:
*Bleeding disorders(raktapitta) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/7-9]
*Disease due to vata and rakta (vatarakta) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/10]
*erysipelas(visarpa) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/23] [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/15]
*Intoxication(mada), syncope (moorcha), coma(sanyasa) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 24/25] skin diseases(kushtha) [Cha. Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
*Obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes(prameha) [Cha. Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/7]
Subtypes of some diseases indicate the major role of rakta in their pathogenesis:
*Obstinate urinary disorders (raktameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/32]
*Micro-organisms originating in blood (shonitajaKrimi)[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/11]
*Abdominal lump due to blood (raktagulma)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/18]
*Diarrhoea with blood (raktatisara)[Cha. Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/70]
*Abscess with blood (raktavidradhi) [Su. Sam. Nidana Sthana 9/14,26]
*In case of fever (jwara), when the vitiated [[dosha]] are located in the rakta dhatu, following clinical features are observed: Increase in body temperature, eruptions, thirst, frequent spitting mixed with blood burning sensation, discoloration, giddiness, intoxication, and incoherent speech. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/77]
*In fever (jwara) caused by trauma(abhighata),vitiated vata affects predominantly rakta (blood). This leads to clinical features like discomfort, swelling, discoloration, and pain.[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/114].
*In all other exogenous causative injuries like poison (visha) etc, rakta dhatu is predominantly affected. In such cases, it has both diagnostic and therapeutic importance.
==Importance in preservation of health and prevention ==
==Importance in preservation of health and prevention ==
The pure blood provides the individual with strength, complexion, happiness, and life. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/4]. It is the fundamental source of vitality and life. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 14/44]
The pure blood provides the individual with strength, complexion, happiness, and life. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/4]. It is the fundamental source of vitality and life. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 14/44]