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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.<ref>Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.<ref>Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.</ref> Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).<ref>Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.<ref>Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.<ref>Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.</ref> Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).<ref>Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

==== Phytochemical Constituents ====

=== Phytochemical Constituents ===

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc,<ref>The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.</ref> a gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.<ref>Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.</ref> Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row<ref>Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.</ref> that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.<ref>Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.</ref> ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.<ref> Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.</ref> Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .<ref>Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563</ref> Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.<ref>Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039</ref> This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc,<ref>The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.</ref> a gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.<ref>Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.</ref> Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row<ref>Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.</ref> that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.<ref>Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.</ref> ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.<ref> Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.</ref> Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .<ref>Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563</ref> Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.<ref>Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039</ref> This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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Now we shall elaborate the chapter dealing with the pharmaceutics of ''sudha'' ”

Now we shall expound the chapter "Sudha Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of Sudha). Thus said Lord Ateya. [1-2]

 

Thus said Lord Ateya [1-2]

==== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ====

=== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ===

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Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.

Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.

==== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ====

=== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ===

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In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]

In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]

==== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ====

=== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ===

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''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]

''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]

==== Method of collection ====

=== Method of collection ===

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*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]

*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]

==== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ====

=== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ===

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These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]

These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]

==== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ====

=== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ===

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[12-13]

[12-13]

==== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ====

=== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ===

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|} [15-17]

|} [15-17]

==== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ====

=== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ===

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==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

==== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ====

=== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ===

''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic,  anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011;

''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic,  anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011;

</ref> The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.<ref>Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.</ref> Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.<ref>Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae)</ref>,<ref>Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107</ref>

</ref> The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.<ref>Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.</ref> Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.<ref>Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae)</ref>,<ref>Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107</ref>

==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====

=== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ===

''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when ''dosha'' accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]

''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when ''dosha'' accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]

Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.(Ca. Su. 8/13) Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.<ref> K R Shrikantha Murthy, Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi, Edition 2009,  p.no 580</ref>[ 19-20]

Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.(Ca. Su. 8/13) Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.<ref> K R Shrikantha Murthy, Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi, Edition 2009,  p.no 580</ref>[ 19-20]

=== References ===

== References ==

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