Changes

</div>

</div>

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

</div></div>

</div></div>

Now (I) shall expound the chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana (phala)''. [1]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Madana Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of Madana(phala)). Thus said  Lord Atreya. [1-2]

=== Objective of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

 

==== Objective of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ====

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Now I shall expound the section on pharmaceuticals that deals with preparations of emetic and purgative drugs, describing combinations and administration of these formulations and simple methods for the purpose of emesis and purgation, Oh Agnivesha! [3]

Now I shall expound the section on pharmaceuticals that deals with preparations of emetic and purgative drugs, describing combinations and administration of these formulations and simple methods for the purpose of emesis and purgation, Oh Agnivesha! [3]

==== ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) ====

=== ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Of all drugs, those that eliminate impurities from the upper part are known as emetics while those that act via the lower part are called purgatives. Or (broadly), both are collectively termed as evacuatives (or purgatives) because of their purging out excrement from the body. [4]

Of all drugs, those that eliminate impurities from the upper part are known as emetics while those that act via the lower part are called purgatives. Or (broadly), both are collectively termed as evacuatives (or purgatives) because of their purging out excrement from the body. [4]

==== Pharmacodynamics of ''Vamana'' ====

=== Pharmacodynamics of ''Vamana'' ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

</div>

</div>

==== List of Drugs for ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ====  

=== List of Drugs for ''Vamana'' and ''Virechana'' ===  

  <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

  <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

These drugs are the most potent when they are exposed to the most suitable of place, time, properties and containers. [7]

These drugs are the most potent when they are exposed to the most suitable of place, time, properties and containers. [7]

==== Three Types of ''Desha'' (regions or habitats) ====

=== Three Types of ''Desha'' (regions or habitats) ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

</div>

</div>

==== Characteristics of a Suitable ''Desha'' for Medicinal Plants ====

=== Characteristics of a Suitable ''Desha'' for Medicinal Plants ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

        

        

Medicinal plants grown in medium or arid zones, nourished timely with cold, sun (heat), air and water, even, clean, with facilities of water, except cremation ground, sacred place, temple, meeting place, ditch, orchard, ant-hills and barren land, covered with ''kusha'' and ''rohisha'' plants, having unctuous, black, sweet or golden sweet soil, soft, unploughed,and unaffected by other stronger plants are recommended (for us). [9]

Medicinal plants grown in medium or arid zones, nourished timely with cold, sun (heat), air and water, even, clean, with facilities of water, except cremation ground, sacred place, temple, meeting place, ditch, orchard, ant-hills and barren land, covered with ''kusha'' and ''rohisha'' plants, having unctuous, black, sweet or golden sweet soil, soft, unploughed,and unaffected by other stronger plants are recommended (for us). [9]

==== Method of Collection of Medicinal Plants ====

=== Method of Collection of Medicinal Plants ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Of all medicinal plants, those that are grown in time (proper season), grow mature with taste, potency and smell; have smell, color, taste, touch and efficacy unaffected by time, sun, fire, water, air and organisms, are fresh and situated in northern direction (should be collected). Their branches and leaves should be collected in rainy seasons and when those plants are fully matured; bark, tubers and latex should be collected in autumn; heartwood in early winter and flowers and fruits according to their season. These should be collected by one with auspicious behavior, benevolent conduct, cleanliness and white dress after worshiping, observing fast and facing toward east or north. [10]

Of all medicinal plants, those that are grown in time (proper season), grow mature with taste, potency and smell; have smell, color, taste, touch and efficacy unaffected by time, sun, fire, water, air and organisms, are fresh and situated in northern direction (should be collected). Their branches and leaves should be collected in rainy seasons and when those plants are fully matured; bark, tubers and latex should be collected in autumn; heartwood in early winter and flowers and fruits according to their season. These should be collected by one with auspicious behavior, benevolent conduct, cleanliness and white dress after worshiping, observing fast and facing toward east or north. [10]

==== Method of Storage ====

=== Method of Storage ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

   

   

After collecting the plant extracts, they should be kept in suitable containers and stored in rooms facing eastward or northward, devoid of wind but well ventilated , and daily ritualized with offering of flower and other things, holding them up in a swing of rope well-covered and making them unapproachable for fire, water, humidity, smoke, dust, rats and quadrupeds. [11]

After collecting the plant extracts, they should be kept in suitable containers and stored in rooms facing eastward or northward, devoid of wind but well ventilated , and daily ritualized with offering of flower and other things, holding them up in a swing of rope well-covered and making them unapproachable for fire, water, humidity, smoke, dust, rats and quadrupeds. [11]

==== Administration per ''Dosha'' Dominance ====

=== Administration per ''Dosha'' Dominance ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

These (drugs) should be administered according to the relevant ''dosha'', with an appropriate vehicle/medium such as wine, ''Sauviraka, Tusodaka, Maireya, Medaka,'' ''Dhanyamla, Phalamla,'' sour curd, etc. in ''vata''; grapes, ''Amalaka'', honey, ''Madhuka, Parusaka, Phanita,'' milk etc. in ''pitta'' and in ''kapha'' impregnated with or dissolved in honey, urine and decoction etc. This is in a nutshell. This will be explained further in details according to drugs, body, morbidity, suitability etc. [12]  

These (drugs) should be administered according to the relevant ''dosha'', with an appropriate vehicle/medium such as wine, ''Sauviraka, Tusodaka, Maireya, Medaka,'' ''Dhanyamla, Phalamla,'' sour curd, etc. in ''vata''; grapes, ''Amalaka'', honey, ''Madhuka, Parusaka, Phanita,'' milk etc. in ''pitta'' and in ''kapha'' impregnated with or dissolved in honey, urine and decoction etc. This is in a nutshell. This will be explained further in details according to drugs, body, morbidity, suitability etc. [12]  

==== [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vidhi Vimarsha|Administration of Madanaphala]] ====

=== [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vidhi Vimarsha|Administration of Madanaphala]] ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

  |}

  |}

==== Procedure of ''Vamana'' ====

=== Procedure of ''Vamana'' ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

In all emetic formulations, honey and rock salt should be added for liquefying ''kapha'' (mucus). There is no adverse reaction of honey to heat when added to an emetic formulation as it returns back without digestion and helps in the elimination of impurity. [15]

In all emetic formulations, honey and rock salt should be added for liquefying ''kapha'' (mucus). There is no adverse reaction of honey to heat when added to an emetic formulation as it returns back without digestion and helps in the elimination of impurity. [15]

==== Various Pharmaceutical Preparations of ''Madanaphala'' ====

=== Various Pharmaceutical Preparations of ''Madanaphala'' ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

   

   

Besides, ''Madanaphala'' should be administered combining it with preparations such as ''Badarasadava, Raga, Leha, Modaka, Utkarika, Tarpana, Panaka,'' meat soup, vegetable soup and wine according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Thus the patient vomits well. [26]

Besides, ''Madanaphala'' should be administered combining it with preparations such as ''Badarasadava, Raga, Leha, Modaka, Utkarika, Tarpana, Panaka,'' meat soup, vegetable soup and wine according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Thus the patient vomits well. [26]

==== Synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' ====

=== Synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana'' are also known by the synonyms ''Karahata, Ratha, Pinditaka, Phala'' and ''Svasana''. [27]

Pharmaceutical preparations of ''Madana'' are also known by the synonyms ''Karahata, Ratha, Pinditaka, Phala'' and ''Svasana''. [27]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

Nine formulations in decoctions, eight in ''Matra'' (like ''Haritaki'' fruit etc.) five in milk and ghee, two in ''Phanita'' and ''Churna'', one in inhalation, six in caplets, twenty each in ''Leha, Modaka'' and ''Utkarika'', sixteen each in ''Saskuli'' and ''Pupa'' and ten others in ''Sadava'' etc. Thus total 133 formulations are described by the great sage in the chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala''. [28 – 30]

Nine formulations in decoctions, eight in ''Matra'' (like ''Haritaki'' fruit etc.) five in milk and ghee, two in ''Phanita'' and ''Churna'', one in inhalation, six in caplets, twenty each in ''Leha, Modaka'' and ''Utkarika'', sixteen each in ''Saskuli'' and ''Pupa'' and ten others in ''Sadava'' etc. Thus total 133 formulations are described by the great sage in the chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala''. [28 – 30]

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha''  (Fundamental Principles)===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)==

 

*The impurities in upper part of body can be removed through mouth by ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis).

*The impurities in upper part of body can be removed through mouth by ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis).

*The impurities in lower part of body can be removed through rectum by ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation).

*The impurities in lower part of body can be removed through rectum by ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation).

*Effect of drugs vary depending upon habitat, collection, storage of herbs. The biological effect depends upon patients' ''deha'' (physique), ''Doshas'', ''prakriti'' (constitution), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Bala'' (strength), ''Agni'' (power of digestion and metabolism), ''Bhakti'' (liking of particular type of recipe), 'Satmya'' (wholesomeness).

*Effect of drugs vary depending upon habitat, collection, storage of herbs. The biological effect depends upon patients' ''deha'' (physique), ''Doshas'', ''prakriti'' (constitution), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Bala'' (strength), ''Agni'' (power of digestion and metabolism), ''Bhakti'' (liking of particular type of recipe), 'Satmya'' (wholesomeness).

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' (Applied Inferences) ===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

 

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

*''Ushna-Tikshna-Sukshma-Vyavayi'' and ''vikasi'' are the common properties of the ''Vamanakarma dravya''. According to Sushruta, the ''ushna'' property has ''pachana karma'' (S.Su.46/515).Chakrapani (the commentator on [[Charaka Samhita]]) states that ''ushna'' means ''ushna veeryam''. This has been cleared in AshtÁnga Sangraha by Vagabhat and the function are like ''dahana'' and ''pachana'' and having ability to decrease ''vata'' and ''kapha dosha'' <ref>Ashtang Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhata with Shalilekha Sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. Sutra sthana 17/15 </ref>. Sushruta defines that ''tikshna'' as the property produces ''daha, paka'' and ''srava''<ref> Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1992 Sutra sthana 46/518</ref>. According to Charaka, ''Tikshna guna'' is ''vichchindana'' <ref> Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the [[Ayurveda]]-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1984. Kalpa sthana 1/5</ref>. Chakrapani clarified the word as ''vichchindayati'', means breaking down the complex morbid matter into simple molecules. The ''Sukshma guna'' reaches to minute ''srotasa'' and remove the morbid matter to bring it to reach the ''amashaya'' according to Dalhana (S.Ci.33/33). The ''Vyavayi'' drugs, when administered initiate the action immediately and thereafter bio-transformation takes place. Sushruta has clarified that ''Vikasi'' drugs causes laxity in ''dhatubandhana'' (S.Su. 46/523).Due to above mentioned properties ''Vamana'' drugs are beneficial for therapeutic emesis.  

*''Ushna-Tikshna-Sukshma-Vyavayi'' and ''vikasi'' are the common properties of the ''Vamanakarma dravya''. According to Sushruta, the ''ushna'' property has ''pachana karma'' (S.Su.46/515).Chakrapani (the commentator on [[Charaka Samhita]]) states that ''ushna'' means ''ushna veeryam''. This has been cleared in AshtÁnga Sangraha by Vagabhat and the function are like ''dahana'' and ''pachana'' and having ability to decrease ''vata'' and ''kapha dosha'' <ref>Ashtang Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhata with Shalilekha Sanskrit commentary by Indu, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. Sutra sthana 17/15 </ref>. Sushruta defines that ''tikshna'' as the property produces ''daha, paka'' and ''srava''<ref> Sushruta Samhita of Susruta, with the Nibandhasangraha Commentary of Sri Dlhanacharya, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 1992 Sutra sthana 46/518</ref>. According to Charaka, ''Tikshna guna'' is ''vichchindana'' <ref> Charaka Samhita by Agnivesha revised by Charaka and Dridhabala with the [[Ayurveda]]-Dipika Commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Edited by Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya, published by Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, 1984. Kalpa sthana 1/5</ref>. Chakrapani clarified the word as ''vichchindayati'', means breaking down the complex morbid matter into simple molecules. The ''Sukshma guna'' reaches to minute ''srotasa'' and remove the morbid matter to bring it to reach the ''amashaya'' according to Dalhana (S.Ci.33/33). The ''Vyavayi'' drugs, when administered initiate the action immediately and thereafter bio-transformation takes place. Sushruta has clarified that ''Vikasi'' drugs causes laxity in ''dhatubandhana'' (S.Su. 46/523).Due to above mentioned properties ''Vamana'' drugs are beneficial for therapeutic emesis.  

*''Sharngadhara'' in ''Sharngadhara Samhita'' stated that ''apakva pitta'' and ''kapha'' are forcefully expelled out through the upward route. Thus ''vamana'' is the best for vitiated ''kapha'' and ''apakva pitta'' <ref>Sharangadhara Samhita of  Sharangadhara with the commentary of Addhmala’Dipika commentary , Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, Third Edition-1983.Purva khanda 8/7 </ref>.

*''Sharngadhara'' in ''Sharngadhara Samhita'' stated that ''apakva pitta'' and ''kapha'' are forcefully expelled out through the upward route. Thus ''vamana'' is the best for vitiated ''kapha'' and ''apakva pitta'' <ref>Sharangadhara Samhita of  Sharangadhara with the commentary of Addhmala’Dipika commentary , Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi-221001, Third Edition-1983.Purva khanda 8/7 </ref>.

'''Phytochemistry''':

=== Phytochemistry ===

The drug ''Madanaphala'' is botanically identified as Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Randia Spinosa Poir. Syn.R.DumatrumLam. The phytochemical studies on the fruits of  R. spinosa  revealed presence of mixture of saponins viz. randia acid or acid saponin has been isolated from the pulp; the two saponins occur in the fruit at all stages of ripening. The fruits of R. spinosa contain a toxic saponin of oleanolic acid. They also contain leucocyanidin and mannitol. The activity of the drug is attributed to the presence of saponins which occur to the extent of 2-3 % in fresh fruits and about 10% in dried whole fruit. The saponins are concentrated mostly in the pulp. A mixture of two saponins, viz. randialic or neutral saponin (m.p. 289-2900C  decomp.)and randialic acid or acid saponin (m.p. 2600 C decomp.) has been isolated from the pulp.On complete hydrolysis both the saponins yield Oleanolic acid as Sapogenin. Ursosaponin, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the dried whole fruit, gave ursolic acid and glucose. Randianin, isolated from the fruit, gave a haemolytic triterpenoid saponin.  

The drug ''Madanaphala'' is botanically identified as Catunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Randia Spinosa Poir. Syn.R.DumatrumLam. The phytochemical studies on the fruits of  R. spinosa  revealed presence of mixture of saponins viz. randia acid or acid saponin has been isolated from the pulp; the two saponins occur in the fruit at all stages of ripening. The fruits of R. spinosa contain a toxic saponin of oleanolic acid. They also contain leucocyanidin and mannitol. The activity of the drug is attributed to the presence of saponins which occur to the extent of 2-3 % in fresh fruits and about 10% in dried whole fruit. The saponins are concentrated mostly in the pulp. A mixture of two saponins, viz. randialic or neutral saponin (m.p. 289-2900C  decomp.)and randialic acid or acid saponin (m.p. 2600 C decomp.) has been isolated from the pulp.On complete hydrolysis both the saponins yield Oleanolic acid as Sapogenin. Ursosaponin, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the dried whole fruit, gave ursolic acid and glucose. Randianin, isolated from the fruit, gave a haemolytic triterpenoid saponin.  

* The seeds are reported to be free from saponins. They contain fat (1.5 %), protein (14.2 %), mucilage, resin, organic acid (1.4 %) and a minute quantity of an unidentified alkaloid. The bark contains scopoletin, d-mannitol and a mixture of saponins. The saponins on hydrolysis yield glucose, xylose, rhamnose, and two triterpenic acid sapogenins designated as randialic acid.One is [19 (α)-hydroxyursolic acid, C30H48O4; methyl ester, m.p. 200-2020] and another is randialic acid (19-dehydroursolic acid, C30H48O3; m.p. 256-2570). The roots contain scopoletin and d-mannitol (Navneet et al. 2010).

* The seeds are reported to be free from saponins. They contain fat (1.5 %), protein (14.2 %), mucilage, resin, organic acid (1.4 %) and a minute quantity of an unidentified alkaloid. The bark contains scopoletin, d-mannitol and a mixture of saponins. The saponins on hydrolysis yield glucose, xylose, rhamnose, and two triterpenic acid sapogenins designated as randialic acid.One is [19 (α)-hydroxyursolic acid, C30H48O4; methyl ester, m.p. 200-2020] and another is randialic acid (19-dehydroursolic acid, C30H48O3; m.p. 256-2570). The roots contain scopoletin and d-mannitol (Navneet et al. 2010).

'''Pharmacological activity:'''

=== Pharmacological activity ===

The drug was reported to have antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic  and immunomodulatory Activity <ref>Patel Ritesh G, Pathak Nimish L, Rathod Jaimik D, Dr.L.D.Patel and Bhatt Nayna M. Phytopharmacological Properties of  Randia dumetorum  as a Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview , Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (10); 2011: 24-26. ISSN: 2231-3354.</ref>. Antileishmanial activity ,antitumor activity and stimulant action on uterus was also reported.<ref>Navneet K. Singh, Arun K. Mishra , Jeetendra K. Gupta , S. Jayalakshmi ,Randia spinosa (poir.): ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology -a review  International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Volume 4 (1), Sep.–Oct.2010</ref>.

The drug was reported to have antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic  and immunomodulatory Activity <ref>Patel Ritesh G, Pathak Nimish L, Rathod Jaimik D, Dr.L.D.Patel and Bhatt Nayna M. Phytopharmacological Properties of  Randia dumetorum  as a Potential Medicinal Tree: An Overview , Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 01 (10); 2011: 24-26. ISSN: 2231-3354.</ref>. Antileishmanial activity ,antitumor activity and stimulant action on uterus was also reported.<ref>Navneet K. Singh, Arun K. Mishra , Jeetendra K. Gupta , S. Jayalakshmi ,Randia spinosa (poir.): ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology -a review  International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Volume 4 (1), Sep.–Oct.2010</ref>.

</div>

</div>

==== Recent researches on action of herbs ====

=== Recent researches on action of herbs ===

*''Vamana'' is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centers - the vomiting center(tractus soitorius and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone both located in the Medulla Oblongata. The CTZ is close to the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood brain barrier and communicates with the vomiting centre to initiate ''vamana''. The CTZ being outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it.

*''Vamana'' is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centers - the vomiting center(tractus soitorius and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone both located in the Medulla Oblongata. The CTZ is close to the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood brain barrier and communicates with the vomiting centre to initiate ''vamana''. The CTZ being outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it.

Another study on vasantika vamana concluded that average quantity of Madanaphala, Ksheera, Yastimadhu Phanta and Lavanodaka can be 5.81 g, 1130.29 ml, 3202.9 and 2489.13 ml respectively. The study also depicted that laingiki and antiki criteria seem to be the better criteria for the assessment of Vamana.<ref>Bhatted S, Shukla V D, Thakar A, Bhatt N N. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2019 Feb 20];32:181-6. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/2/181/92562</ref>

Another study on vasantika vamana concluded that average quantity of Madanaphala, Ksheera, Yastimadhu Phanta and Lavanodaka can be 5.81 g, 1130.29 ml, 3202.9 and 2489.13 ml respectively. The study also depicted that laingiki and antiki criteria seem to be the better criteria for the assessment of Vamana.<ref>Bhatted S, Shukla V D, Thakar A, Bhatt N N. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2019 Feb 20];32:181-6. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/2/181/92562</ref>

=== References ===

== References ==

<div id="BackToTop"  class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;

<div id="BackToTop"  class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;