Changes

==== ''Shrota Pratyaksha'' (auscultation / percussion) ====

==== ''Shrota Pratyaksha'' (auscultation / percussion) ====

Modern technological advancements like stethoscope, ultrasound etc.have significantly improved the methods of clinical diagnosis. Following methods are still helpful in certain situations: are being used to help in the clinical diagnosis:

Modern technological advancements like stethoscope, ultrasound etc.have significantly improved the methods of clinical diagnosis. Following methods are still helpful in certain situations:

# ''Antrakujana''- gurgling sound from intestines.

# ''Antrakujana''- gurgling sound from intestines.

# ''Sandhisphutana anguliparvana''- cracking sounds in joints, including small joints.

# ''Sandhisphutana anguliparvana''- cracking sounds in joints, including small joints.

==== ''Sparshana Pariksha'' (palpation) ====

==== ''Sparshana Pariksha'' (palpation) ====

The physician has to touch the patient by his hand and do examination of normal and abnormal touches. Care should be taken, however, to ensure that the physician’s hand should not be too warm or cold. Also, palpation should be performed very gently. The examination done by this method helps in assessing rise of body temperature, palpation of pulse, any tenderness, guarding, rigidity, swelling, lump or growth, lymphadenopathy, palpation of organs to reveal organomegally, size of organ palpable, surface, borders, consistency, bruits etc.

The physician has to touch the patient by his hand and do examination of normal and abnormal area. Care should be taken, however, to ensure that the physician’s hand should not be too warm or cold. Also, palpation should be performed very gently. The examination done by this method helps in assessing rise of body temperature, palpation of pulse, any tenderness, guarding, rigidity, swelling, lump or growth, lymphadenopathy, palpation of organs to reveal organomegally, size of organ palpable, surface, borders, consistency, bruits etc.

=== ''Anumana'' (estimation, or analysis) ===

=== ''Anumana'' (estimation, or analysis) ===

# '''''Yuktikrita''''': Acquired strength or immunity is attained by healthy practices related to diet like ghee, meat, milk etc. and activities such as proper rest, exercise etc. It can also be improved by the use of rejuvenation therapies.   

# '''''Yuktikrita''''': Acquired strength or immunity is attained by healthy practices related to diet like ghee, meat, milk etc. and activities such as proper rest, exercise etc. It can also be improved by the use of rejuvenation therapies.   

In Ayurvedic texts word ''bala'' is used as a synonym of ''ojas'' and also for ''vyadhikshamatava'' (immunity). Charak has considered normal ''kapha'' as ''bala''. ''Sahaja bala'' can be considered as innate immunity while ''yuktikrita bala'' can be considered as acquired immunity that can be achieved by various methods like good quality diet, exercise, vaccination etc.

In Ayurvedic texts word ''bala'' is used as a synonym of ''ojas'' and also for immunity (''vyadhikshamatava''). Charak has considered normal ''kapha'' as ''bala''. ''Sahaja bala'' can be considered as innate immunity while ''yuktikrita bala'' can be considered as acquired immunity that can be achieved by various methods like good quality diet, exercise, vaccination etc.

The assessment of ''sharirik bala'' (physical strength) is done by ''anumana'' (inference) by analyzing the capacity of an individual to do physical exercise (or his endurance) (Ch. Vi. 4/8).

The assessment of ''sharirik bala'' (physical strength) is done by ''anumana'' (inference) by analyzing the capacity of an individual to do physical exercise (or his endurance) (Ch. Vi. 4/8).

[[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 1 ([[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]]), verse 124<ref name=ref3/> states the qualities of good physician as, ‘one who examines the patient and in consonance with habitat, time, individual variations, applies appropriate medicine is best physician’. The medicine which can cure disease is best medicine and the physician who can give relief to the patients of their ailments is best physician. The wise person who aspires to be physician should acquire the qualities of physician, knowledge of science and also the practical knowledge of the diseases and medicine, to become life saver.

[[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 1 ([[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]]), verse 124<ref name=ref3/> states the qualities of good physician as, ‘one who examines the patient and in consonance with habitat, time, individual variations, applies appropriate medicine is best physician’. The medicine which can cure disease is best medicine and the physician who can give relief to the patients of their ailments is best physician. The wise person who aspires to be physician should acquire the qualities of physician, knowledge of science and also the practical knowledge of the diseases and medicine, to become life saver.

The physician with good memory, having adequate knowledge of ''hetu'' (causes of disease), proper reasoning, self control and having presence of mind by combination of various drugs can practise medicine. In [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 9, [[Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya]], four aspects of therapeutics- physician, medicament, attendant and the patient are described. The physician occupies the most important place; the qualities of physician are excellence in medical knowledge, having extensive practical experience, expertise and purity. The physician engaged in acquiring the knowledge of medical science, understanding its practical interpretation, implementation in clinical practise and the appropriate knowledge of therapies is often termed as''Pranabhisara Vaidya'' or a life saviour physician. The physician who possesses six qualities – knowledge, critical approach, insight to other sciences, good memory, promptness and perseverance can never become unsuccessful in treatment. The one with knowledge, intellect, concentration, practical experience, constant practise of treatment modalities, success in treatment and has practised with experienced teachers deserves to be called as ‘good physician’. The physician should be friendly, sympathetic towards patients, show concern towards patients who can be cured and should have detachment towards those who are heading death.  

The physician with good memory, having adequate knowledge of ''hetu'' (causes of disease), proper reasoning, self control and having presence of mind by combination of various drugs can practice medicine. In [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 9, [[Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya]], four aspects of therapeutics- physician, medicament, attendant and the patient are described. The physician occupies the most important place; the qualities of physician are excellence in medical knowledge, having extensive practical experience, expertise and purity. The physician engaged in acquiring the knowledge of medical science, understanding its practical interpretation, implementation in clinical practice and the appropriate knowledge of therapies is often termed as''Pranabhisara Vaidya'' or a life saviour physician. The physician who possesses six qualities – knowledge, critical approach, insight to other sciences, good memory, promptness and perseverance can never become unsuccessful in treatment. The one with knowledge, intellect, concentration, practical experience, constant practice of treatment modalities, success in treatment and has practiced with experienced teachers deserves to be called as ‘good physician’. The physician should be friendly, sympathetic towards patients, show concern towards patients who can be cured and should have detachment towards those who are heading death.  

''Dasha pranayatana'' or the ten important resorts of life are two temples, three vital organs (head, heart and bladder), throat, blood, semen, ''ojas'' and rectum. The physician who has knowledge of these resorts, senses, knowledge of science similar to  

''Dasha pranayatana'' or the ten important resorts of life are two temples, three vital organs (head, heart and bladder), throat, blood, semen, ''ojas'' and rectum. The physician who has knowledge of these resorts, senses, knowledge of science similar to  

[[Ayurveda]] (all medical fields), reason of consciousness- soul, causes of diseases and recovery from diseases is known as “Saviour of life”. Those who are born in noble families, who have deep knowledge of science, who are skillful in preparing medicines, who have vast practical experience of treating patients medically and surgically, who are hygienic, self controlled, well equipped, sense organs functioning normally, well acquainted with the symptoms of disease and the ''prakriti'' of patient and having the knowledge of the etiological factors of diseases are the saviours of life of patients. Two types of physicians are described by Charak in [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 29 - ''pranabhisara vaidya'' (saviour of life) and ''rogabhisara vaidya'' (bad physician/votaries of diseases), the qualities of these may be referred to [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 30, “pallavaghrahita vidya” the physicians with superficial knowledge and their qualities are described (verse 72- 77).  

[[Ayurveda]] (all medical fields), reason of consciousness- soul, causes of diseases and recovery from diseases is known as “Saviour of life”. Those who are born in noble families, who have deep knowledge of science, who are skillful in preparing medicines, who have vast practical experience of treating patients medically and surgically, who are hygienic, self controlled, well equipped, sense organs functioning normally, well acquainted with the symptoms of disease and the ''prakriti'' of patient and having the knowledge of the etiological factors of diseases are the saviors of life of patients. Two types of physicians are described by Charak in [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 29 - ''pranabhisara vaidya'' (savior of life) and ''rogabhisara vaidya'' (bad physician/votaries of diseases), the qualities of these may be referred to [[Sutra Sthana]] chapter 30, “pallavaghrahita vidya” the physicians with superficial knowledge and their qualities are described (verse 72- 77).  

In present context the utility of this is for selecting doctor for treatment, the qualification of the physician, validity of his medical degree and medical registration, clinical and surgical skills of the physician and the surgeon to whom approaching for treatment. If these things are not checked and the person who is doing treatment is not well qualified, then there is fear of losing money without getting cured and also of losing life.

In present context the utility of this is for selecting doctor for treatment, the qualification of the physician, validity of his medical degree and medical registration, clinical and surgical skills of the physician and the surgeon to whom approaching for treatment. If these things are not checked and the person who is doing treatment is not well qualified, then there is fear of losing money without getting cured and also of losing life.

After the detail description about the treating physician, three types of therapies are described.

After description about the treating physician, three types of therapies are described.

=== Three aushadha (therapies) ===

=== Three aushadha (therapies) ===