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== Definition and meaning of term "Asthi"==

== Definition and meaning of term "Asthi"==

=== Etymology and derivation ===

=== Etymology and derivation ===

The word Asthiis combination of two Sanskrit words” as” and “kthin”. They together give the meaning “stability”.  It denotes a bone or the kernel of a fruit.  

 

The word Asthi is a combination of two Sanskrit words "as” and “kthin”. They together give the meaning “stability”.  It denotes a bone or the kernel of a fruit.  

 

=== Definition ===

=== Definition ===

Asthi is a body component which stays for a longer time (asyate) and which takes part in movements (kshipyate) with muscles. It is also termed as the extract (sara) of body which remains even after destruction of all other body components. [Su.Sa.ShariraSthana5/21-22]  

Asthi is a body component which stays for a longer time (asyate) and which takes part in movements (kshipyate) with muscles. It is also termed as the extract (sara) of the body which remains even after the destruction of all other body components. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana5/21-22]  

=== Synonyms ===

=== Synonyms ===

1. Kikasam: round structures

1. Kikasam: round structures

2. Kulyam: tubularor canal like structure  

2. Kulyam: tubularor canal like structure  

3. Svadayitam: animals like dogs like it

3. Svadayitam: animals like dogs like it

4. Medasteja: essence of Medadhatu (adipose tissue),

 

5. Sara: extract of body which remains even after death  

4. Medasteja: essence of Medadhatu (adipose tissue)

6. Majjakrit: which produces the Majja Dhatu,

 

7. Dehadharakam: which maintains body frame (skeleton) and bears body weight  

5. Sara: extract of body which remains even after death

9. Karkaram: rough.

6. Majjakrit: which produces the Majja Dhatu

 

7. Dehadharakam: which maintains body frame (skeleton) and bears body weight

9. Karkaram: rough

 

===Meanings in different contexts: ===

===Meanings in different contexts: ===

• In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of osseous or bone tissue.

 

• It is a substance of animal origin (jangamadravya) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana  1/69]

• In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of osseous or bone tissue.

• In the contexts of some pharmaceutical preparations, seedless fruits (ansathi) are to be used. Hence it denotes seeds or kernel of fruits. E.g. seedless fruit of Embelica officinalis (Amalaki) [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 1/1/58]

 

• In the dietary preparation of meat soup (vesavara) bones should be removed. (nirasthi) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/ 269]

• It is a substance of animal origin (jangamadravya) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/69]

 

• In the contexts of some pharmaceutical preparations, seedless fruits (ansathi) are to be used. Hence it denotes seeds or kernel of fruits. E.g. seedless fruit of Embelica officinalis (Amalaki) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58]

 

• In the dietary preparation of meat soup (vesavara) bones should be removed. (nirasthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/ 269]

 

== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautikasanghatana) and properties ==

== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautikasanghatana) and properties ==

Fundamental constitution of asthi dhatu shows predominance of [[prithvimahabhuta]].  

 

Fundamental constitution of asthi dhatu shows predominance of [[Prithvi mahabhuta]].  

 

*The physical properties of "asthi dhatu" are heaviness (guru), roughness (khara), hardness (kathina), bulkiness (sthula), static (sthira), with a definite physical form (murtimanta).  

*The physical properties of "asthi dhatu" are heaviness (guru), roughness (khara), hardness (kathina), bulkiness (sthula), static (sthira), with a definite physical form (murtimanta).  

== Metabolism and Development ==

== Metabolism and Development ==

The asthi dhatu is formed from its predecessor adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]). The nourishing portion of adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]) and constituents of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa) are transformed into asthi dhatu by action of factors responsible for its metabolism (asthidhatvagni). [[Agni mahabhuta]] and [[vayumahabhuta]] play major role in solidification and roughness of asthi by acting upon [[prithvimahabhuta]] components of adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]).[Cha. Sa. [[ChikitsaSthana]] 15/30] Porosity in bones are due to actions of [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] mahabhuta. [Cha. Sa. [[ChikitsaSthana]] 15/30]

 

The asthi dhatu is formed from its predecessor adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]). The nourishing portion of adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]) and constituents of nutrient fluid (ahara rasa) are transformed into asthi dhatu by action of factors responsible for its metabolism (asthi dhatvagni). [[Agni mahabhuta]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] play a major role in the solidification and roughness of asthi by acting upon [[Prithvi mahabhuta]] components of adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]).[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/30]  

 

Porosity in bones are due to actions of [[vayu]] and [[akasha]] mahabhuta. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/30]

 

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

During the process of metabolism and development of asthi dhatu, nails (nakha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/529]Sharangadhara considered teeth (danta) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

 

During the process of metabolism and development of asthi dhatu, nails (nakha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/529] Sharangadhara considered teeth (danta) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

 

Scalp hair (kesha) and body hair(loma) are waste products of metabolism of asthi dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

Scalp hair (kesha) and body hair(loma) are waste products of metabolism of asthi dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

=== Quantity of asthi dhatu ===

=== Quantity of asthi dhatu ===

There are total 360 well-formed asthi in human body. [Cha. Sa.[[ShariraSthana]] 7/6].  

 

Sushruta opines the total number as 300. [Su .Sa  ShariraSthana 5/18]

There are total 360 well-formed asthi in human body. [Cha. Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/6].  

Currently, most sources state that there are total 270 bones in human body at the time of birth. Many bones fuse together and the count comes to 206 separate bones. This number does not include small sesamoid bones. , 

Sushruta opines the total number as 300. [Su.Sa  Sharira Sthana 5/18]

The reason behind difference in counting has been well discussed in [[ShariraSankhyaSharira]] chapter of [[ShariraSthana]].  

 

Currently, most sources state that there are total 270 bones in human body at the time of birth. Many bones fuse together and the count comes to 206 separate bones. This number does not include small sesamoid bones.  

The reason behind the difference in counting has been well discussed in [[Sharira Sankhya Sharira]] chapter of [[Sharira Sthana]].  

 

=== Time span ===

=== Time span ===

  The asthi dhatu is formed on 5th day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[ChikitsaSthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the asthi dhatu is formed in a time span of 12060 kala (twenty days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]  

  The asthi dhatu is formed on 5th day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[ChikitsaSthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the asthi dhatu is formed in a time span of 12060 kala (twenty days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]  

== Characteristics of best quality or essence (asthisara) ==  

== Characteristics of best quality or essence (asthisara) ==