Changes

Classification of various diseases on five parameters is described and then gives a generalized method for classification of disease on the basis of grief as a universal symptom. Here it is important to note that he uses the term grief instead of pain to identify the disease. The word grief (''dukha'') signifies both mental as well as physical trouble. Thus more emphasis is given on the fact that both the component of a disease i.e. somatic and psychic should be equally treated for successful management. Description of the causative ''doshas'' for mental diseases and their relation with physical ''doshas'' is given. In the same context the psychosomatic diseases are described. Chronic somatic diseases cause psychological diseases and chronic psychological diseases leads to somatic diseases i.e. both are intermingled and have cause and effect relationship.  

Classification of various diseases on five parameters is described and then gives a generalized method for classification of disease on the basis of grief as a universal symptom. Here it is important to note that he uses the term grief instead of pain to identify the disease. The word grief (''dukha'') signifies both mental as well as physical trouble. Thus more emphasis is given on the fact that both the component of a disease i.e. somatic and psychic should be equally treated for successful management. Description of the causative ''doshas'' for mental diseases and their relation with physical ''doshas'' is given. In the same context the psychosomatic diseases are described. Chronic somatic diseases cause psychological diseases and chronic psychological diseases leads to somatic diseases i.e. both are intermingled and have cause and effect relationship.  

Modern scientific research supports this age-old tenet of medical wisdom. Walter Cannon in 1920, documented the physiological changes in body as a response to stressors through hormones called catecholamines. This was further researched by Hans Selye to pioneer the field of stress research. He described the close relation between body and mind with various articles on stress affecting humans biologically. Biofeedback is found effective in treatment of various psycho-somatic disorders. Dean Ornish and his colleagues also worked upon the concept to integrate ''yoga'', meditation for designing protocol for stress management in a medical center<ref> Sourced  from http://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/mind_and_body_connection/ accessed on 18/06/2017  </ref>.   

Modern scientific research supports this age-old tenet of medical wisdom. Walter Cannon in 1920, documented the physiological changes in body as a response to stressors through hormones called catecholamines. This was further researched by Hans Selye to pioneer the field of stress research. He described the close relation between body and mind with various articles on stress affecting humans biologically. Biofeedback is found effective in the treatment of various psycho-somatic disorders. Dean Ornish and his colleagues also worked upon the concept to integrate ''yoga'', meditation for designing protocol for stress management in a medical center<ref> Sourced  from http://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/mind_and_body_connection/ accessed on 18/06/2017  </ref>.   

International classification of diseases and related health problems is a system that classifies disease on the basis of interpretation and comparison of mortality and morbidity data across globe<ref> Sourced from http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/en/ accessed on 26/06/2017  </ref>.  

International classification of diseases and related health problems is a system that classifies disease on the basis of interpretation and comparison of mortality and morbidity data across globe<ref> Sourced from http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/en/ accessed on 26/06/2017  </ref>.  

=== Chart 3: Diagrammatic representation of importance of ''Agni'' ===

=== Chart 3: Diagrammatic representation of importance of ''Agni'' ===

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Determination of psychosomatic constitution as well as disease susceptibility of an individual in population through genetic trait is known as ''prakriti''. ''Prakriti'' is a broad term encompasses all the three genotype, phenotype as well as endophenotype.  The concept of prakriti in [[Ayurveda]] is related to the bio-characteristic of an individual in healthy state and its vulnerability for particular diseases. According to [[Ayurveda]], ''prakriti'' of an individual once determined at the time of fertilization remains unchanged throughout life though it is well influenced by environment. Role of environment in determination of ''prakriti'' during prenatal period is as important as postnatal period. Reviewing the human embryology, it can be postulated that the three primitive germinal layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm can be correlated with ''vatika, paittika'' and ''kaphaja'' trait. According to [[Ayurveda]] at the time of fertilization the ''doshika prakriti'' is determined by the ''doshika'' predominance of ''shukra'' (sperm) and ''shonita'' (ovum) that represent the fastidious genetic alignment of chromosomes in sperm and ovum and decide the genetic trait of zygote. Robust research is being conducted to study the link between ''prakriti'' and genes.

Determination of psychosomatic constitution, as well as disease susceptibility of an individual in population through genetic trait, is known as ''prakriti''. ''Prakriti'' is a broad term that encompasses all the three genotype, phenotype as well as endophenotype.  The concept of prakriti in [[Ayurveda]] is related to the bio-characteristic of an individual in healthy state and its vulnerability for particular diseases. According to [[Ayurveda]], ''prakriti'' of an individual once determined at the time of fertilization remains unchanged throughout life though it is well influenced by environment. Role of environment in determination of ''prakriti'' during prenatal period is as important as postnatal period. Reviewing the human embryology, it can be postulated that the three primitive germinal layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm can be correlated with ''vatika, paittika'' and ''kaphaja'' trait. According to [[Ayurveda]] at the time of fertilization the ''doshika prakriti'' is determined by the ''doshika'' predominance of ''shukra'' (sperm) and ''shonita'' (ovum) that represent the fastidious genetic alignment of chromosomes in sperm and ovum and decide the genetic trait of zygote. Robust research is being conducted to study the link between ''prakriti'' and genes.

In [[Nidana Sthana]] Chapter 4 ([[Prameha Nidana]]), Acharya says that the development of disease is multifactorial and it depends upon both the virulence of pathogens (''nidana'') as well as host response (''dushya''). Response of the host can be quantified by using ''prakriti'' as a parameter. [13]

In [[Nidana Sthana]] Chapter 4 ([[Prameha Nidana]]), Acharya says that the development of disease is multifactorial and it depends upon both the virulence of pathogens (''nidana'') as well as host response (''dushya''). Response of the host can be quantified by using ''prakriti'' as a parameter. [13]

#Classification of disease, patient as well as management on the basis of ''prakriti'' and its scientific validation.

#Classification of disease, patient as well as management on the basis of ''prakriti'' and its scientific validation.

== Future Scope for Research ==

=== Future Scope for Research ===

#Searching genetic trait for different ''prakriti'' and disease susceptibility accordingly.

#Searching genetic trait for different ''prakriti'' and disease susceptibility accordingly.

#Standardization of ''Jathragni, Bhutagni'' and ''Dhatvagni''.

#Standardization of ''Jathragni, Bhutagni'' and ''Dhatvagni''.

== Further reading ==

=== Further reading ===

#Kajaria Divya, Tripathi J.S, Tiwari S.K. Clinical Application of Concept of Agni. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 4(1):1-5.

#Kajaria Divya, Tripathi J.S, Tiwari S.K. Clinical Application of Concept of Agni. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 4(1):1-5.

#Kajaria Divya, Tripathi J.S, Tiwari S.K. Exploring Novel Concept of Agni and its Clinical Relevance. Alternative & Intregrative Medicine.2013; 2(8):1-5.

#Kajaria Divya, Tripathi J.S, Tiwari S.K. Exploring Novel Concept of Agni and its Clinical Relevance. Alternative & Integrative Medicine.2013; 2(8):1-5.

#Patwardhan, B., and Mashelkar, R. A. (2009) Traditional medicine-inspired approaches to drug discovery: can [[Ayurveda]] show the way forward? Drug Discovery Today 14 (15-16), 804–11.

#Patwardhan, B., and Mashelkar, R. A. (2009) Traditional medicine-inspired approach to drug discovery: can [[Ayurveda]] show the way forward? Drug Discovery Today 14 (15-16), 804–11.

#Bhushan, P., Kalpana, J., and Arvind, C. (2005) Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in [[Ayurveda]]. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11 (2), 349–53.

#Bhushan, P., Kalpana, J., and Arvind, C. (2005) Classification of human population based on HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in [[Ayurveda]]. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 11 (2), 349–53.

#Prasher, B., Negi, S., Aggarwal, S., Mandal, A. K., Sethi, T. P.,Deshmukh, S. R., Purohit, S. G., Sengupta, S., Khanna, S., Mohammad, F., Garg, G., Brahmachari, S. K., Indian Genome Variation Consortium, Mukerji, M. (2008) Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types de!ned in [[Ayurveda]]. J. Transl. Med.6, 48.

#Prasher, B., Negi, S., Aggarwal, S., Mandal, A. K., Sethi, T. P.,Deshmukh, S. R., Purohit, S. G., Sengupta, S., Khanna, S., Mohammad, F., Garg, G., Brahmachari, S. K., Indian Genome Variation Consortium, Mukerji, M. (2008) Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in [[Ayurveda]]. J. Transl. Med.6, 48.

#Aggarwal, S., Negi, S., Jha, P., Singh, P. K., Stobdan, T., Pasha,M. A., Ghosh, S., Agrawal, A., Prasher, B., and Mukerji, M. (2010) EGLN1 involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types de!ned in [[Ayurveda]]. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (44), 18961–6.

#Aggarwal, S., Negi, S., Jha, P., Singh, P. K., Stobdan, T., Pasha,M. A., Ghosh, S., Agrawal, A., Prasher, B., and Mukerji, M. (2010) EGLN1 involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types de!ned in [[Ayurveda]]. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (44), 18961–6.

#Peng, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, H., Cui, C., Qi, X., Luo, X., Tao, X.,Wu, T., Ouzhuluobu, B., Ciwangsangbu, D., Chen, H., Shi, H., and Su, B. (2011) Genetic variations in Tibetan populations and high-altitude adaptation at the Himalayas. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 (2), 1075–81.

#Peng, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, H., Cui, C., Qi, X., Luo, X., Tao, X.,Wu, T., Ouzhuluobu, B., Ciwangsangbu, D., Chen, H., Shi, H., and Su, B. (2011) Genetic variations in Tibetan populations and high-altitude adaptation at the Himalayas. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 (2), 1075–81.