Changes

=== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ===

=== ''Kshira Dadhi Nyaya'' (milk-curd transformation phenomena/ analogy) ===

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*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience (Home page from website), Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html (downloaded 09.02.2014) </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, (Home page from website), By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from

*The formation of ''dhatu'' involves the transformation of ''rasa'' into ''rakta, rakta'' into ''mamsa'', etc., in the presence of respective ''dhatvagni'' in a similar manner as milk gets converted into curd, curds into butter and butter into ghee. According to Acharya Harita, within seven days ''rasa'' gets transformed into ''shukra''. Even though this theory appears to be hypothetical, recent modern research has shown that this kind of transformation is possible. A team of Japanese and American scientists has managed to convert human skin cells into formed embryos by bathing them in weak citric acid for a duration of 30 minutes<ref> IndependentScience [Home page from website], Steve Connor, Sunday 9 February 2014, available fromhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/exclusive-the-miracle-cure--scientists-turn-human-skin-into-stem-cells-9117102.html [downloaded 09.02.2014] </ref>. Researchers at Stanford University transformed skin fibroblast cells from mice into working neurons by inserting genes that encode transcription factors<ref> A world Report, US News, [Home page from website], By Tina Hesman Saey, Science News, available fromhttp://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/02/01/skin-cells-transformed-directly-into-neurons/comments </ref>. Researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine have successfully isolated stem cells from human skin, expanded them in the laboratory and coaxed them into becoming fat, muscle and bone cells<ref> Science daily, June 24, 2005, Source:Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, WINSTON-SALEM, N.C, available from

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html(Date last accessed: 20-03-2016) </ref> .

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050623000101.htm </ref> . More recently, scientists have successfully made immature sperm cells from human bone marrow samples. Therefore, the formation of ''shukra'' from ''majja'' is proved by these scientific evidence<ref> Some Physiological Issues related to ‘Medo Dhatu’ with special reference to Obesity, Blog post of Dr. Kishor Patwardhan available at: http://kishorpatwardhan.blogspot.in/2008/02/some-physiological-issues-related-to.html[Date last accessed: 20-03-2016] </ref> .

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=== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ===

=== ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' (vascular network) ===

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*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' (tissues) in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. (Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 28/4), (Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/36)

*According to ''Kedari Kulya Nyaya'' innumerable microvascular channels transport nourishment to their respective sites in ''dhatus'' [tissues] in the body. The cells and tissues are bathed with nutrient plasma. But mere tissue perfusion is not enough to complete the process of nourishment. It needs the complementary play of two subsequent ''nyayas''. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 28/4], [Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/36]

*Per modern science, vesicles transport nutrients to the target organs and get controlled by a set of genes (discovered by Randy Schekman). Further, James Rothman found out that protein machinery allows vesicles to fuse with their targets and permits transfer of nutrients to their target tissue. Thomas Sudhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision. Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sudhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

*Per modern science, vesicles transport nutrients to the target organs and get controlled by a set of genes [discovered by Randy Schekman]. Further, James Rothman found out that protein machinery allows vesicles to fuse with their targets and permits transfer of nutrients to their target tissue. Thomas Sudhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision. Through their discoveries, Rothman, Schekman and Sudhof have revealed the exquisitely precise control system for the transport and delivery of cellular cargo. Disturbances in this system have deleterious effects and contribute to conditions such as neurological diseases, diabetes, and immunological disorders.

=== ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' (distribution system)===

=== ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' (distribution system)===

*According to ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' (distribution system), nutrients get directly absorbed by tissues selectively just as pigeons eat the grain of their choice. As per modern research, nutrients are transported to target tissues using vesicles and plasma binding/ transporter proteins when vesicles fuse with target membranes. Cells in those tissues have different organelles that produce various molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and enzymes etc. having specific functions that trigger at the right time and the target site.   

*According to ''Khale Kapota Nyaya'' [distribution system], nutrients get directly absorbed by tissues selectively just as pigeons eat the grain of their choice. As per modern research, nutrients are transported to target tissues using vesicles and plasma binding/ transporter proteins when vesicles fuse with target membranes. Cells in those tissues have different organelles that produce various molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines and enzymes etc. having specific functions that trigger at the right time and the target site.   

=== Cross references of physiological aspects ===

=== Cross references of physiological aspects ===

*''Rakta vibaddhamargatvan mamsa sinna prapadyate''.: If a channel is obstructed, the sequential transformation of tissue is impaired.

*''Rakta vibaddhamargatvan mamsa sinna prapadyate''.: If a channel is obstructed, the sequential transformation of tissue is impaired.

*''Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is the line of treatment for all the ''rasaja'' (body fluids) disorders (Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25).  

*''Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is the line of treatment for all the ''rasaja'' [body fluids] disorders [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25].  

*Treatment of ''raktaja'' (blood) disorders is mentioned in [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 24th chapter). The treatment for ''raktaja vikara'' should be planned as per ''raktapitta'', along with ''virechana, upavasa'' and ''raktamokshana'' (purgation, fasting, and bloodletting) (Ref. Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 24/18). (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25)

*Treatment of ''raktaja'' [blood] disorders is mentioned in [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] [[[Charak Samhita]] [[Sutra Sthana]] 24th chapter]. The treatment for ''raktaja vikara'' should be planned as per ''raktapitta'', along with ''virechana, upavasa'' and ''raktamokshana'' [purgation, fasting, and bloodletting] [Ref. Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 24/18]. [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/25]

*The ''mamsaja'' disorders should be treated with purification, surgery, usage of alkali and ''agnikarma'' (cauterization) (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]]28/26).  

*The ''mamsaja'' disorders should be treated with purification, surgery, usage of alkali and ''agnikarma'' [cauterization] [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]]28/26].  

*The treatment of ''medoja'' disorders is mentioned in [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 21st chapter).

*The treatment of ''medoja'' disorders is mentioned in [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]] [[[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 21st chapter].

*''Guru Chatarpanam Dadhyat Sthulanam Karshanam Prati'' diet modification, exercise, purification, and drugs (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/20) (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26).

*''Guru Chatarpanam Dadhyat Sthulanam Karshanam Prati'' diet modification, exercise, purification, and drugs [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/20] [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26].

*''Asthigata'' disorders should be treated with [[Panchakarma]], especially ''basti'' (enema) prepared from bitter drugs, milk and ghee should be administered (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/27).  

*''Asthigata'' disorders should be treated with [[Panchakarma]], especially ''basti'' [enema] prepared from bitter drugs, milk and ghee should be administered [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/27].  

*''Majja'' and ''shukragata'' disorders should be treated with food and drugs having a sweet and bitter taste. Coitus, exercise and timely purification as required should be engaged in (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/28).  

*''Majja'' and ''shukragata'' disorders should be treated with food and drugs having a sweet and bitter taste. Coitus, exercise and timely purification as required should be engaged in [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/28].  

*The treatment of disorders of sense organs is mentioned in [[Trimarmiya Chikitsa]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 26th chapter) (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/29).  

*The treatment of disorders of sense organs is mentioned in [[Trimarmiya Chikitsa]] [[[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 26th chapter] [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/29].  

*The treatment of disorders of ligaments, blood vessels, and tendons is mentioned in [[Vatavyadhi Chikitsa]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 28th chapter) (Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/30).  

*The treatment of disorders of ligaments, blood vessels, and tendons is mentioned in [[Vatavyadhi Chikitsa]] [[[Charak Samhita]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], 28th chapter] [Cha.Sa [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/30].  

*The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter) and few aspects in other sections (Ch. Su. 28/30).

*The treatment of disorders of waste products is mentioned in [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]] [[[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]], 7th chapter] and few aspects in other sections [[[Charak Samhita]], [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/30].

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