Changes

Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhutas'', leading to an increase in ''kapha'' and ''rasa dhatu''.  

Unctuous (''snigdha''), sweet (''madhura''), heavy to digest (''guru''), and slimy (''pichhilla'') foods predominantly have ''prithvi'' and ''apa mahabhutas'', leading to an increase in ''kapha'' and ''rasa dhatu''.  

The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) ''guna'' is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in Ayurveda; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref>  <ref> Acharya Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamaji, Aachrya Narayana Rama. Sutra Sthana Dalhana. 8 edition. 49. Vol. 1. Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005. Susruta, ‘Susruta Samhita’ with ‘Nibandha Sangrha’ commentary by Dallhanacharya; p. 12 </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of ''agni'' and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc (''brimhana, agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate ''kapha'' and ''mamsa-meda dhatu'' particularly.  

The functional trait of such food articles is ''snigdha'' (oily) ''guna'' is ''sneha'' (unctuousness), ''mriduta'' (softness), and ''ardrata'' (malleability, fluidity)<ref> Gothecha Mohanlal., Dr., editor. Guna Parijnana. Jamnagar: Post Graduate Training Center in [[Ayurveda]]; 1958. pp. 19–20. </ref>  <ref> Acharya Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamaji, Aachrya Narayana Rama. Sutra Sthana Dalhana. 8 edition. 49. Vol. 1. Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2005. Susruta, ‘Susruta Samhita’ with ‘Nibandha Sangrha’ commentary by Dallhanacharya; p. 12 </ref>. ''Snigdha'' food articles include those derived from lipids and fat molecules. Similarly, ''madhura'' (sweetness) is a property of food substances that possess predominantly sweet taste - not just perceived at the tongue, but also in many parts/tissues along our digestive system. ''Guru'' is the primary property that indicates “heaviness” of a food item, and a ''guru'' food article is heavy to digest and increases bulkiness of the tissues. ''Guru'' is the opposite of ''agni'' and hence delays digestion and metabolism and is used, therefore, in therapies that require nourishment, enhancement of physical strength, etc (''brimhana, agnimaandyakara, upalepa, bala, upachaya'' and ''tarpana''). Finally, ''picchilla'' is sliminess and stickiness, and indicates food items that vitiate ''kapha'' and ''mamsa-meda dhatu'' particularly.  

Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of Ayurveda. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R.,  Chisholm Donald J.  How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>.  PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.  

Today’s research is consistent with the above findings of [[Ayurveda]]. Researchers acknowledge that taste receptors exist in the upper gastrointestinal tract as well. These receptors are “primarily located in the intestinal brush and enteroendocrine cells, and recognize sugars, D-amino acids, sweet proteins, and artificial sweeteners<ref>Greenfield Jerry R.,  Chisholm Donald J.  How Sweet It Is: Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2013 Oct; 62(10): 3336–3337.</ref>”, per their research. Peptide YY (PYY) exerts its action through NPY receptors by inhibiting gastric motility and increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the colon<ref> Liu C, Aloia T, Adrian T, Newton T, Bilchik A, Zinner M, Ashley S, McFadden D (1996). "Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders". Am Surg 62 (3): 232–6.Charak Samhita Sutra Sthana 27/309 </ref>.  PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion, as it is secreted by neuro-endocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. It works by slowing the gastric emptying, thereby increasing the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal. Considering the effects of sweet food substances, PYY, in certain quantities, helps induce satiety in a person and thus in excess, inhibits appetite. This study clearly suggests the impact of ''madhura rasa'' and ''snigdha'' food substances in creating ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' or increased anabolism. Like GLP -1, GIP is related to metabolism and inflammation.  

Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charak are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.

Thus, it can be said that excess of ''madhura, guru, snigdha'' and ''pichchilla'' foods can have inflammatory effect at the molecular level. If the above properties elaborated by Charak are to be understood, it can be clearly stated that they increase body tissues in volume and delay the digestion of food. This seems to be acceptable and the effect may be mediated through peptide YY. As it delays digestion and increases the nutrient uptake, these food substances lead to ''santarpana''.

All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.

All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12% <ref> Zhang C., Zhang M., Wang S., Han R., Cao Y., Hua W., Mao Y., Zhang X., Pang X., Wei C., et al. Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. ISME J. 2010;4:232–241. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2009.112. </ref>. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis<ref> Tapiainen T., Ylitalo S., Eerola E., Uhari M. Dynamics of gut colonization and source of intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. APMIS. 2006;114:812–817. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_488.x. </ref>. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.

Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charak starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by Ayurveda scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.

Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charak starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by [[Ayurveda]] scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation <ref> Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1111-1119. </ref>.

==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====

==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Kushtha''''': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis''.  Some of the studies<ref> Downing D, Strauss J, Pochi P. Changes in skin surface lipid composition induced by severe caloric restriction in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25:365–367</ref> had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study <ref> Adebamowo CA, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, et al. Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:787–793. </ref>linked acne to the consumption of milk.  

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in Ayurveda.''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al.  Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

'''''Klaibya''''': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [[Ayurveda]].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charak has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered<ref> Penson DF et al. Adrenal Control of erectile function and nitric oxide synthase in the rat penis 138(9):3925-32 1997 </ref>. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis<ref> Peyman et al.  Therapeutic Uses and Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, Shallot, and Their Biologically Active Compounds 16(10):1031-1048 2013 </ref>.

   

   

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

The direct effect of obesity on increased risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.  

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref>  Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref>  <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6.  </ref>.   

Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the flowers showed antioxidant properties which may be due to presence of flavonoids and tannins<ref>  Pharmacological Potentials of Cassia auriculata and Cassia fistula Plants: A Review Sushma Kainsa, Praveen Kumar and Poonam Rani </ref>  <ref> George, M., L. Joseph and Ramaswam, 2007. Effect of Cassia auriculata extract on nociception, experimental diabetes and hyperlipidemia in mice and rats. Highland Med. Res. J., 5: 11-19. </ref>. , ''Patha'' (cissampelos pareira): Certain controversies are there about ''patha''. Two different herbs are used as ''patha'' in different part of India- Cyclea peltata and Cissampelos parietal. Properties of ''patha'' are elaborated as ''rasa-tikta virya-usna vipäka-katu guna.-laghu, tiksna karma-vata-kaphahara,visaghna ,grahi, balya''. ''Patha'' is known to have potent diuretic properties. Certain flavonoids were found to exert their diuretic properties by binding with Adenosine A1 Receptor associated with the diuretic action. The diuretic properties of studied plant may be through any of these possible mechanisms since it is rich in alkaloids and flavonoids<ref> Yuliana ND, Khatib A, Link-Struensee AM, Ijzerman AP, Rungkat-Zakaria F, Choi YH, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of methoxy flavonoids from orthosiphon stamineus. Planta Med.2009;75:132–6.  </ref>.   

'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In  Ayurveda, it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

'''''Saptaparna''''' (Alstonia scholaris) possess ''tikta kashaya rasa, ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka.'' The bark is useful in malarial fevers, abdominal disorders, dyspepsia and in skin diseases. In  [[Ayurveda]], it is reported that the bark of the plant when soaked in water overnight, can reduce the blood glucose level after oral administration. However, not much characterization of this properties has been done on a scientific basis. The phytochemicals are indicative of its potential in the treatment of diabetes mellitus<ref>Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India Ind J Pharm Edu Res, 2011, 45(2):114-121 </ref>.

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in  

In one of the studies of ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris) showed decrease in glycogen content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats support the findings of Grover et al. The decrease in glycogen content may result due to disturbances in glycogen synthetase system. Improvement in liver glycogen of diabetic rats after chronic treatment with aqueous extract of Alstonia scholaris L. bark indicates that possible way of antidiabetic effect of the extract may be by improvement of glycogenesis and / or suppression of glycogenolysis. Thus, study showed that bark of Alstonia scholaris L. possesses antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in STZ diabetic rats. The antiatherogenic potential of the bark extract indicates its usefulness not only in diabetes mellitus but also in the long term complications associated with it<ref> Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn Bark in  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908  </ref>.  

'''''Sthiram''''' (Shliparni desmodium gangeticum): It has ''madhura, tikta rasa, madhur vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. It has alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides. The plant shows many pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, anti-amnesic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, and better CVS activites, CNS depressant, antibacterial, wound healing, antipyretic and several miscellaneous actions<ref> Pharmacological activities of desmodium gangeticum: an Overview Bhavesh Vaghela*, sandip buddhadevleena shukla an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences 08 Vol - 4, issue - 4, jul-sept 2013 issn: 0976-7908  </ref>.  

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of Ayurveda and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652  </ref>.

''Kebukmool'' (Costus speciosus): It has ''tikta kashaya rasa, katu vipaka'' and ''sheeta veerya'' and has strong diuretic action. Increased excretion of Na+ and Cl is observed after its administration. It is known to relieve pulmonary edema<ref> International journal of [[Ayurveda]] and Pharmacy Dubey S et al 2012 1(2)648-652  </ref>.

    

    

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.   

'''''Dhanayaka''''' (Coriander sativum): ''Dhanayaka'' has ''katu, tikta'' and ''madhur rasa'' with ''katu vipaka'' and s''heeta veerya''. It possesses potent diuretic and antioxidant properties. Part of seeds shows a significant hypolipidemic action. There was significant increase in β-hydroxy, β-methyl glutaryl CoA reductase and plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase properties (LCAT) were noted in the experimental group. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol decreased while that of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the experimental group. Besides diuretic properties it also exhibits a strong anti diabetic and anti convulsant action<ref> Dhanapakiam P., J. Mini Joseph, V.K. Ramaswamy, M. Moorthi and A. Senthil Kumar : The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): Mechanism of action. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2008; 29(1): 53-56 </ref>.   

About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:

About 42 research works are found on the subject of hyperlipidaemia with various aspects like aetiopathogenesis and management. Some important work on hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are as follows:

Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:

Faculty of [[Ayurveda]], IMS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi:

#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.

#Satyavati G.V. (1966): Effect of an indigenous drug on lipid metabolism w.s.r to obesity and atherosclerosis.

#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).

#Nigam R. P. (1982): Clinical trial of Arogya-vardhini-herbal in cases of raised Raktagata Sneha (Hyperlipidaemia).

National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur:

National Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Jaipur:

#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.

#Sood Rajiv (1999) : Clinical evaluation of Bala-Hareetaki on serum cholesterol.

#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).

#Gupta Keshav Prasad (2005) : Aetiopathological studies of hyperlipidaemia (Medodushti) w.s.r to Diabetes mellitus and therapeutic trial of Ayurvedic formulation (Lipidocare).

Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri :

Gopabandhu [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Puri :

#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.

#Tripathy U.C. (1985): Concept of Medoroga vis-à-vis Hyperlipidaemia and its management with Navaka Guggulu.

#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.  

#Pande S (2002) : Biological effect of Lekhana Basti w.s.r. to lipid profile.  

Smt. K G M Punarvasu Ayurveda College,Mumbai:

Smt. K G M Punarvasu [[Ayurveda]] College,Mumbai:

#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.

#Majumadar Dattatraya B. (1990): Rasagata-Sneha (cholesterol) Ka Naidanika Chikitsatmaka Adhyayana.

#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.

#Pankajam P. K. (2003) : A study on the effect of selected modalities of Yoga and naturopathy in the control of hyperlipidaemia.

Tilak Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Pune:

Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:

#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.  

#Kad Vilas S (1997): Study of lipids/Prasadakaya Dhatu with reference toAyurvedic Swastha and Atura Pareekshana.  

#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.

#Arora N. K. (2001): Effect of Hareetaki (Terminalia chebula ratha.) in hypercholesterolaemia.

B V College of Ayurveda, Pune:

B V College of [[Ayurveda]], Pune:

#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.

#Sankapal Milind Kumar (2005): Upashayatmak study of Ushnodaka on blood cholesterol and Sthaulaya lakshana.

Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of Ayurveda, Paprola:

Rajiv Gandhi Govt. PG Institute of [[Ayurveda]], Paprola:

#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.

#Gupta Madhu (2000): Effect of Ayurvedic formulation on Medoroga w.s.r. to Hyperlipidaemia.

Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in Ayurveda,Kolkata:

Institute of Postgraduate Education and Research in [[Ayurveda]],Kolkata:

#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.

#Mishra D K (1991) : Role of Commiphora mukul and P. compound in Medoroga w.s.r. to obesity and cholesterol.

#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.

#Suchitra S.S. (2002) : A study on Rookshna Chikitsa w.s.r. to the effect of Shuddha Guggulu and Shuddha Shilajatu on Sthaulya (hypercholesterolaemia) A comparative study.

SDGM Ayurveda Medical College, Gadag:

SDGM [[Ayurveda]] Medical College, Gadag:

#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).

#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).