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===Fundamental principles of diagnosis===

===Fundamental principles of diagnosis===

<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Nidana Sthana]], the second section within [[Charak Samhita]], is about guidelines for diagnosing disease on the basis of detailed history and clinical examination. The five means to know a disease viz. ''hetu'' (causative factors), ''purva-rupa'' (premonitory signs and symptoms), ''rupa'' (clinical features),''upashaya'' (pacifying factors) and ''samprapti'' (etio-pathogenesis).The study is comprehensive and is different from modern medical system to guide a physician to diagnose and treat disease with minimal use of laboratory, imaging and other tools.  

<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Nidana Sthana]], the second section within [[Charak Samhita]], is about guidelines for diagnosing disease on the basis of detailed history and clinical examination. The five means to know a disease viz. ''hetu'' (causative factors), ''purva-rupa'' (premonitory signs and symptoms), ''rupa'' (clinical features),''upashaya'' (pacifying factors) and ''samprapti'' (etio-pathogenesis).The study is comprehensive and is different from modern medical system to guide a physician to diagnose and treat disease with minimal use of laboratory, imaging and other tools.  

===Two parts of Ayurvedic Diagnosis===

===Two important aspects in Diagnosis===

 

====Analysis of the individual====

====Analysis of the individual====

''Ayurvedic'' diagnosis has two parts - the first being an evaluation of the self-healing capacity of the body which depends upon equilibrium of five components, namely ''doshas'' (body humors), ''agni'' (digestive and metabolic capacity), ''dhatu'' (body tissues), ''mala'' (waste) and psycho-spiritual state. Health is a state of equilibrium, whereas disease is a state of dis-equilibrium of any of these factors. According to [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya#Swabhavoparama vada (theory of natural destruction)|''swabhavoparam vada'' (theory of natural resolution)]], the resolution / destruction of the existing always happen naturally in the course of time. [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya#Swabhavoparama vada (theory of natural destruction)|(Cha.Su.16/27)]] So the nature itself heals disequilibrium. This aspect of host defence mechanism is important to be assessed for knowing natural healing capacity of an individual. In the fourth chapter of [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Prameha Nidana]], [[Prameha Nidana#Process of Onset of Disease|the process of onset of disease]] through interaction between aggravating and pacifying factors  to cause disease is described.[[Prameha Nidana#Process of Onset of Disease|(Cha.Ni.4/4)]] If the host defense factors are stronger than aggravating ones, then the disease will not occur and vice versa. Therefore, before making diagnosis of a disease, [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana#Examination of patient|examination of patient]] is important with emphasis on his ''prakriti'' (basic constitution), ''sara'' (quality of tissues) etc described in context of [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana#Examination of patient|ten fold examination of patient(Cha.Vi.8/94-131)]]. Every person has a unique constitution and hence the same biological investigations cannot be precise to assess his health status completely. Personalized assessment is important to diagnose normal and abnormal state of the individual.

The first being an evaluation of the self-healing capacity of the body which depends upon equilibrium of five components, namely ''doshas'' (body humors), ''agni'' (digestive and metabolic capacity), ''dhatu'' (body tissues), ''mala'' (waste) and psycho-spiritual state. Health is a state of equilibrium, whereas disease is a state of dis-equilibrium of any of these factors. According to [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya#Swabhavoparama vada (theory of natural destruction)|''swabhavoparam vada'' (theory of natural resolution)]], the resolution / destruction of the existing always happen naturally in the course of time. [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya#Swabhavoparama vada (theory of natural destruction)|(Cha.Su.16/27)]] So the nature itself heals disequilibrium. This aspect of host defence mechanism is important to be assessed for knowing natural healing capacity of an individual. In the fourth chapter of [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Prameha Nidana]], [[Prameha Nidana#Process of Onset of Disease|the process of onset of disease]] through interaction between aggravating and pacifying factors  to cause disease is described.[[Prameha Nidana#Process of Onset of Disease|(Cha.Ni.4/4)]] If the host defense factors are stronger than aggravating ones, then the disease will not occur and vice versa. Therefore, before making diagnosis of a disease, [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana#Examination of patient|examination of patient]] is important with emphasis on his ''prakriti'' (basic constitution), ''sara'' (quality of tissues) etc described in context of [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana#Examination of patient|ten fold examination of patient(Cha.Vi.8/94-131)]]. Every person has a unique constitution and hence the same biological investigations cannot be precise to assess his health status completely. Personalized assessment is important to diagnose normal and abnormal state of the individual.

====Analysis of disease====

====Analysis of disease====

The second part provides for a comprehensive knowledge of disease with its causative factors, premonitory signs and symptoms, clinical features, complications, aggravating and pacifying factors. Complete cure in curable diseases and management of palliable diseases can only be achieved after ''Nidana Parivarjana'' (removal of the cause). If the cause is removed, then half the treatment is done, because it stops progression of disease as well as helps the host to return to the normal state. Modern science focuses more on disease management after its complete manifestation, while Ayurveda emphasizes on identification of abnormality when it is in a very primitive stage, so as to prevent its further progression.  The journey of a disease from the initial stage of accumulation of vitiating factors to complete manifestation of its symptoms is to be studied well for its complete knowledge. A disease can cause another disease is described with reference to ''Nidanarthakara roga''. ''Upadrava'' (complications), ''Udarka'' (marks of disease after it is cured) are mentioned for knowing the cause-effect in relation to disease.  

The second part provides for a comprehensive knowledge of disease with its causative factors, premonitory signs and symptoms, clinical features, complications, aggravating and pacifying factors. Complete cure in curable diseases and management of palliable diseases can only be achieved after ''Nidana Parivarjana'' (removal of the cause). If the cause is removed, then half the treatment is done, because it stops progression of disease as well as helps the host to return to the normal state. Modern science focuses more on disease management after its complete manifestation, while Ayurveda emphasizes on identification of abnormality when it is in a very primitive stage, so as to prevent its further progression.  The journey of a disease from the initial stage of accumulation of vitiating factors to complete manifestation of its symptoms is to be studied well for its complete knowledge. A disease can cause another disease is described with reference to ''Nidanarthakara roga''. ''Upadrava'' (complications), ''Udarka'' (marks of disease after it is cured) are mentioned for knowing the cause-effect in relation to disease.  

Thus, this section on knowledge of diagnosis, points to two fold principles of management of disease in brief and to reverse the process by modifying the etiological, aggravating and pacifying factors of disease.  

Thus, this section on knowledge of diagnosis, points to two fold principles of management of disease in brief and to reverse the process by modifying the etiological, aggravating and pacifying factors of disease.

===Importance of eight chapters===

===Importance of eight chapters===