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In [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 25/40), latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives. In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.

In [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 25/40), latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives. In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.[1] ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.[2] Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).[3] ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.<ref>Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.<ref>Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.</ref> Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).<ref>Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

==== Phytochemical Constituents ====

==== Phytochemical Constituents ====

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc.[4] A gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.[5] Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row[6] that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.[7] ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.[8] Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .[9] Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.[10] This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc,<ref>The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.</ref> a gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.<ref>Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.</ref> Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row<ref>Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.</ref> that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.<ref>Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.</ref> ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.<ref> Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.</ref> Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .<ref>Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563</ref> Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.<ref>Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039</ref> This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===