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Line 1: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − This section of [[Caraka Samhita]] called Indriya Sthana deals with the signs and symptoms useful in determining the remaining lifespan of patients (also called ''arishta lakshana''). In the present era, because of advancements in medical sciences, many ''arishta lakshanas'' are well treatable and cannot be considered as "predictors" of death as they used to even a few centuries back. However, these signs and symptoms could serve as important indicators of prognosis of disease and therefore, would be helpful in the management of patients. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Life begins with the association of consciousness, or the ''atma'', with the five fundamental elements (earth, air, fire, ether, and water, or the ''panchamahabhuta'') and ends in the dissolution of this association. Since this union (that results in a living being) is by no means permanent and since there is always a possibility of dissolution or death anytime, Ayurvedic texts emphasized on identifying certain signs and symptoms that could forebear, with some level of certainty, imminent death. This section is dedicated to such determinants and is structured in the form of 12 chapters:+ − * Signs and symptoms (''arishtas'') of imminent death specific to pathologies afflicting sense organs that can be perceived by sensory deficiencies (e.g., ''varna'' (color), ''swara'' (voices/sounds), ''gandha'' (smell), ''rasa'' (taste), ''sparsha''(touch),along with ''chhaya'' (complexion) and ''prabha'' (radiance)) are addressed in chapters [[Varnaswariya]], [[Pushpitendriya]], [[Parimashneeya]], [[Indriyaneeka]], [[Pannarupiya]] and [[Shyavnimitta]].+ − * Clinically useful early warning signs have been mentioned in [[Purvarupeeya]].+ + + + + + + + − + − It is important to note here that ''Indriya Sthana'' deals with the predictors of life, and not just determinants/symptoms of death. There are, therefore, not titled ''Arishta Sthana'' but ''Indriya Sthana'' for a reason. ''Indra'' means ''prana'' (life). The seat of ''prana'' in the body is ''Sneha'' or ''Ojus''. ''Indriya'' (sense organs) are said to be the ''linga'' (organs) of ''prana''. An important concept discussed in the Indriya Sthana is termed ''Indriyadushti'' (damage to the sensory system). A state of perfect health is Anirvedovarta Lakshanam (i.e., life without any indication or perception of being alive). Such a state indicates zero symptoms of being in a terminal stage of one's life. + − Even though all of the determinants (i.e., signs and symptoms) cannot be explained by rational scientific parameters (as evident by the references above to paranormal and occult sciences), some of these signs and symptoms have been documented and reported as having been experienced by people in various parts of the world. Within the treatise ([[Charaka Samhita]]), physicians have been instructed to thoroughly examine the patient for certain telltale signs that indicate terminal illness and investigate using biomarkers. The treatise then advises physicians to stop any therapeutic treatment being given to such terminal patients and provide them palliative care instead.+ + + + + + + + + − + − • Overuse, underuse and misuse of indriya or senses is called Asatmyendriyartha samyoga where inappropriate consumption of this isolator insulation of Ojus or sneha occurs resulting in increase of roukshya or roughness which causes a painful perception. + − + − 3. Clinical importance of Indriya+ − • The first chapter of Sutrasthana stresses upon the cause of all mental and physical diseases as asatmyendriyarth samyoga (injudicious use of senses), leading to premature deterioration of senses causing shortening of life. (Ch. Su. 1 / 54).+ − • Sensory organs are exposed to enormous sensations from the external world, voluntarily or involuntarily, all the time. These sensations are of varying degree of traumatic, unpleasant or pleasant in nature.+ − • Whereas the physical body takes limited amount of food and drinks, the senses encounter enormous stimuli, because indriya buddhi (sensory centres in brain) always remains open and active and acts as extension of brain. + − • Constantly sensing such traumatic stimuli, reduces the lifespan of indriya than other organs of body.+ − • With this reason Upnishad prays loudly for life of indriya “ jeevem sharadh shatam, pasyemah shardah shatam, shrinuyamah ..........” − • To accomplish the optimum span of life, for prevention of disease, promotion of health, and repair of sensorium, with the judicious uses of all senses, the yam, niyam (Do’s and Don’ts) and sadvritta (code and conducts) are mentioned in detail in Indriyopakramneeya chapter (Ch.su.8). − • If a person does not take care of indriya, than the life forces deteriorate prematurely, resulting in death, or become inefficient to carry the sensory functions in the middle of the expected lifespan or earlier. − • This inefficiency of indriya caused by injudicious use, manifests several signs and symptoms of imminent or instantaneous death. − • These are categorically described in 12 chapters of indriya sthan, with useful tools for measuring life span, remaining life and clinical diagnosis of severity of disease.
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==Preamble of Indriya Sthana (Section on Determinants of Remaining Lifespan of Patients)==
{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
|title=Indriya Sthana
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Indriya Sthana, Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya, Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya, Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya, Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya
|description=Indriya sthana deals with study of specific signs related to Prana (vital life force) perceived by sense organs
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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{{Infobox
|title = [[Charak Samhita]] Indriya Sthana-Preamble
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Indriya Sthana]] Section 5/ Preamble
|label2 = Preceding section
|data2 = [[Sharira Sthana]]
|label3 = Succeeding section
|data3 = [[Chikitsa Sthana]]
|label4 = Other Sections
|data4 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label5 = Author
|data5 = Khandel S.K.
|label6 = Reviewer
|data6 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label7 = Editors
|data7 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label8 = Year of publication
|data8 = 2020
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.001 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.001]
|header10 = Chapters
|label11 = Chapters
|data12 = 1. [[Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
2. [[Pushpitakam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
3. [[Parimarshaneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
4. [[Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
5. [[Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
6. [[Katamanisharireeyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
7. [[Pannarupiyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
8. [[Avakshiraseeyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
9. [[Yasyashyavanimittiyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
10. [[Sadyomaraneeyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
11. [[Anujyotiyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
12. [[Gomayachurniyam Indriyam Adhyaya]]<br />
}}
'''<big>Preamble of Indriya Sthana(Section on assessment of lifespan of patients)</big>'''
Indriya sthana deals with study of specific signs related to prana (vital life force) perceived by sense organs.
===Fundamental principles===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
[[Indriya Sthana]] deals with the observation of signs predicting lifespan and signs indicative of reduced duration of remaining life (also called ''arishta lakshana''). The word [[Indriya]] literally means organ, sense, force, vigor.<ref>Sanskrit-English Dictionary available from http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=Indriya&direct=au retrieved on April 19, 2019</ref>. In the present context, it means [[prana]] or vital life force. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/1-2] The seat of [[prana]] in the body is [[sneha]] or [[ojas]]. [[Indriya]] (sense organs) are said to be the ''linga'' (organs) of [[prana]]. An important concept discussed in this section is termed ''Indriyadushti'' (damage to the sensory system). A state of perfect health is life without any indication or perception of being alive (''Anirvedovarta Lakshananam'').[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
===Logical sequencing of chapters===
Life begins with the association of consciousness, or the [[atma]], with the five fundamental elements ([[panchamahabhuta]]) and ends in the dissolution of this association. Since this union (that results in a living being) is by no means permanent and since there is always a possibility of dissolution or death anytime, Ayurvedic texts emphasize on identifying certain signs and symptoms that could forebear, with some level of certainty, imminent death. This section is dedicated to such determinants and is structured in the form of 12 chapters.
===Glimpses of Chapters===
* [[Gomaychurniya]], [[Anujyoti]], [[Kathamanasharireeya]], [[Avakshirsheeya]] and [[Sadyomarneeya]] are chapters that give examples of ''arishta'' that could be perceived on the physical level (or, are ''Bahyakarana'') as well as on the mental, intellectual, and emotional levels (or, afflicting the ''Antahkarana'' ), with references to ''sakun''( good / bad consequential happening)), ''doota''( messenger), ''swapna'' ( dreams) and miscellaneous occult sciences. The evidences laid down in these chapters may establish an Ayurveda-based clinical diagnostic methodology.
* Signs and symptoms ([[arishta]]) of imminent death can be perceived by specific changes in sensory system (e.g., [[varna]] (color), [[swara]] (voice), [[gandha]] (smell), [[rasa]] (taste), [[sparsha]](touch),along with [[chhaya]] (complexion) and [[prabha]] (radiance)) are addressed in chapters 1,2,3,4,7 and 9.
* Clinically useful early warning signs have been mentioned in [[Purvarupeeya]].
* Chapters 6, 8, 10, 11,12, give examples of [[arishta]] that could be perceived on the physical level (or, are ''Bahyakarana'') as well as on the mental, intellectual, and emotional levels (or, afflicting the ''Antahkarana'' ), with references to ''shakun''( good / bad consequential happening)), [[doota]]( messenger), [[swapna]] ( dreams) and miscellaneous occult sciences. The evidences laid down in these chapters may establish an [[Ayurveda]]-based clinical diagnostic methodology.
===Scope and Importance===
Even though all of the determinants (i.e., signs and symptoms) cannot be explained by rational scientific parameters (as evident by the references above to paranormal and occult sciences), some of these signs and symptoms have been documented and reported as having been experienced by people in various parts of the world ref. Within the treatise [[Charak Samhita]], physicians are instructed to thoroughly examine the patient for certain signs that indicate terminal illness and investigate using biomarkers. The treatise then advises physicians to stop any therapeutic treatment being given to such terminal patients and provide them palliative care instead.
In the present era, with advancements in medical sciences, many [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] are well treatable and cannot be considered as "predictors" of death as they used to even a few centuries back. However, these signs and symptoms could serve as important indicators of prognosis of disease and therefore, would be helpful in prompt management to save life of patients.
===Researches===
The following research works have been carried out on study of [[Indriya Sthana]] as observed in the directory of researches <ref> Available from https://researches-in-ayurveda.co.in/</ref>
#Sharma V.K.Charakokta Indriya Sthana Ka Pratisanskara Swarupatmaka Vishleshna.Ph. D.Thesis.Rajasthan Ayurved University,Jodhpur.2011
#Radhika.S .A Study On Indriya Sthana Of Charaka Samhita.Siddhanta And Darshan.Alva`s Ayurvedic Medical College, Moodbidri .2015
#Anurag Vats.A Critical Study Of Indriya Sthana From Charak Samita . Samhita . Bharti Vidyapeeth’s University, College of Ayurved, Pune, Maharashtra.2006.
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