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grammar
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<p style="text-align:justify;">According to Sanskrit grammar (Vyakarana Shastra), Nyaya is defined as a way of going towards the real meaning. "Nyaya" word is derived from the combination of 'Ni' Upasarga +'in' Dhatu +('घय्') suffix (pratyaya) in various Sanskrit dictionaries; "Nyaya" word has been defined in various definitions and synonyms. These definitions are mentioned below:</p>
 
<p style="text-align:justify;">According to Sanskrit grammar (Vyakarana Shastra), Nyaya is defined as a way of going towards the real meaning. "Nyaya" word is derived from the combination of 'Ni' Upasarga +'in' Dhatu +('घय्') suffix (pratyaya) in various Sanskrit dictionaries; "Nyaya" word has been defined in various definitions and synonyms. These definitions are mentioned below:</p>
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=== Definitions: ===
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=== Definitions ===
 
<ol><li>Niyamena iyate iti (नियमेन इयते इति न्यायः।)-Nyaya is that which has rules.[Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref1">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref>, [Halayudhakosha]<ref name="ref2">Jayshanker Shastri, Halayudhakosha (A Sanskrit Dictionary), Reprint ed. Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Samsthan;1993;403.</ref></li>
 
<ol><li>Niyamena iyate iti (नियमेन इयते इति न्यायः।)-Nyaya is that which has rules.[Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref1">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref>, [Halayudhakosha]<ref name="ref2">Jayshanker Shastri, Halayudhakosha (A Sanskrit Dictionary), Reprint ed. Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Samsthan;1993;403.</ref></li>
 
<li>Niyante prapyante vivakshitartha yen iti (नीयन्ते प्राप्यन्ते विवक्षितार्थाः येनेति न्यायः ।)- Nyaya is that by which the defined meanings are provided and attained. [Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref3">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref></li>
 
<li>Niyante prapyante vivakshitartha yen iti (नीयन्ते प्राप्यन्ते विवक्षितार्थाः येनेति न्यायः ।)- Nyaya is that by which the defined meanings are provided and attained. [Shabdakalpadruma]<ref name="ref3">Rajaradhakanta Dev, Shabdakalpadrumam Vol 2, edited by Vasu HC, 2nd ed. Delhi: Nag Publishers;2003;933.</ref></li>
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<li>Nishchitamiyate nirnayate anena iti nyaya (निश्चितमीयते निर्णयते अनेन इति न्यायः । )- the nyaya is that which is determined and decided by something [Vachaspatyam]<ref name="ref7">Trakavachaspati T. Vachaspatyam (A Comprehensive Sanskrit Dictionary) Vol. – V. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office;2003;4155- 4171.</ref></li></ol>
 
<li>Nishchitamiyate nirnayate anena iti nyaya (निश्चितमीयते निर्णयते अनेन इति न्यायः । )- the nyaya is that which is determined and decided by something [Vachaspatyam]<ref name="ref7">Trakavachaspati T. Vachaspatyam (A Comprehensive Sanskrit Dictionary) Vol. – V. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office;2003;4155- 4171.</ref></li></ol>
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=== Synonyms: ===
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=== Synonyms ===
 
<p style="text-align:justify;">Naya, neeta, neetisadhane, upaye, satayanjane, nirnaya, jayajaya mukti, jayopayamukti, bhoga, neeti</p>
 
<p style="text-align:justify;">Naya, neeta, neetisadhane, upaye, satayanjane, nirnaya, jayajaya mukti, jayopayamukti, bhoga, neeti</p>
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|style="text-align:center;"|13.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|13.
 
|Bhuyovirodheswalpamanyayam
 
|Bhuyovirodheswalpamanyayam
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Sutrasthan 14/16-19,
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|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/16-19,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|A list of contraindicated patients & diseases is  stated using this nyaya.
 
|A list of contraindicated patients & diseases is  stated using this nyaya.
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Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/51, and Cha. Sa   Nidana  Sthana 8/43-44, Cha. Sha. 1/28, Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/8, Cha. Chi. 15/15,
 
Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 6/51, and Cha. Sa   Nidana  Sthana 8/43-44, Cha. Sha. 1/28, Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa Sthana 9/8, Cha. Chi. 15/15,
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Gangadhara Roy commentary on Cha. Sa. Nidan Sthana 1/8,
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Gangadhara Roy commentary on Cha. Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8,
    
Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa  Sthana 7/3,
 
Cha. Sa.  Chikitsa  Sthana 7/3,
   −
Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa.  Sutra Sthana 16/10, Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 6/20,  Su. Uttartantra. 52/6, Gayadasa commentary on Su. Sa.  Nidana Sthana 13/1, Su. Sa Uttara Tantra.  39/182-184,
+
Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa.  Sutra Sthana 16/10, Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 6/20,  Su. Uttar tantra. 52/6, Gayadasa commentary on Su. Sa.  Nidana Sthana 13/1, Su. Sa Uttara Tantra.  39/182-184,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|13
 
|style="text-align:center;"|13
 
|This nyaya is more elaborate at each place. The exact  definition itself explains the whole about it.
 
|This nyaya is more elaborate at each place. The exact  definition itself explains the whole about it.
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|style="text-align:center;"|22.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|22.
 
|Durgruhita-Sugruhita Nyaya
 
|Durgruhita-Sugruhita Nyaya
|Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/49,
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|Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/49
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|In the case of abudh/fool, ill-favored weapons &  science become debilitating. Well-armed weapons & knowledge protect the  wise man. The commentators have mentioned the defects of bad knowledge &  the merits of good knowledge.
 
|In the case of abudh/fool, ill-favored weapons &  science become debilitating. Well-armed weapons & knowledge protect the  wise man. The commentators have mentioned the defects of bad knowledge &  the merits of good knowledge.
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|Gangadhara Roy
 
|Gangadhara Roy
   −
Commentary on Cha. Sa Sutrasthan 5/1, Cha. Sa Vimansthan 8/87,
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Commentary on Cha. Sa Sutra Sthana 5/1, Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/87,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|2
 
|style="text-align:center;"|2
 
|Vimansthan 8/87 states about the karan i.e. medicine  given to the patient according to the cause of disease.
 
|Vimansthan 8/87 states about the karan i.e. medicine  given to the patient according to the cause of disease.
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|style="text-align:center;"|63.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|63.
 
|Tailapatradhara  AWaya
 
|Tailapatradhara  AWaya
|Ch. Sa Sharirsthan 8/22,
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|Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/22,
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Ch. Sa Siddhisthan 12/3-5,
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Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 12/3-5,
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Su. Sa Chikitsasthan 39/24,
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Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 39/24,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|3
 
|style="text-align:center;"|3
 
|In sharir sthan, acharya charak explains the preventive  measures for pregnant women compared with oil-filled vessels.
 
|In sharir sthan, acharya charak explains the preventive  measures for pregnant women compared with oil-filled vessels.
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|style="text-align:center;"|64.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|64.
 
|Takra-kaindinya  Nyaya
 
|Takra-kaindinya  Nyaya
|Hemadri commentary on A. H. Sutrasthan 4/5-6,
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|Hemadri commentary on A. H. Sutra Sthana 4/5-6,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|Mala veg dharan chikitsa is explained using this Nyaya.
 
|Mala veg dharan chikitsa is explained using this Nyaya.
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|style="text-align:center;"|66.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|66.
 
|Trina  Arani Mani AWaya
 
|Trina  Arani Mani AWaya
|Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha. Sa  Sutrasthan 10/5,
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|Shivadas Sen commentary on Cha. Sa  Sutra Sthana 10/5,
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|Treatment of curable diseases can be done properly only  by one good physician.
 
|Treatment of curable diseases can be done properly only  by one good physician.
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|style="text-align:center;"|68.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|68.
 
|Utsarga-Apavada Nyaya
 
|Utsarga-Apavada Nyaya
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Siddhisthan. 27/309,
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|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa. Siddhi Sthana 27/309,
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Cha. Sa Vimansthan 1/16,
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Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 1/16,
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Cha. Sa Vimansthan 8/134,
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Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/134,
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Cha. Sa Sharirsthan 8/51,
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Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/51,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 1/3/55-58,
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Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/3/55-58,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 3/139-140,
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Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/139-140,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 5/29,
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Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/29,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 6/56,
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Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/56,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsasthan 15/94-95, Cha. Sa Siddhisthan 2/24-28, Dalhana commentary on su sa sutrasthan 12/5, Su. Sa Su. 45/6, su. Sa  Chikitsasthan 2/32-33, su. Sa Chikitsasthan 3/5, su. Sa Chikitsasthan 35/21,
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Cha. Sa Chikitsa Sthan 15/94-95, Cha. Sa Siddhi Sthana 2/24-28, Dalhana commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/5, Su. Sa Su. 45/6, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/32-33, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/5, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 35/21,
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Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sutrasthan 6/64, Hemadri  commentary on
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Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sutra Sthana 6/64, Hemadri  commentary on
    
A. H. Sutrasthan 10/35,
 
A. H. Sutrasthan 10/35,
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|style="text-align:center;"|69.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|69.
 
|Utpala-Shatapatra- Vedhini Nyaya
 
|Utpala-Shatapatra- Vedhini Nyaya
|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Sutrasthan 8/5, Dalhana  commentary on su. Sa sutrasthan 28/4-5,
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|Chakrapani commentary on Cha. Sa Sutra Sthana 8/5,  
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Dalhana  commentary on Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/4-5
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Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sharirsthan 3/62-63,
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Arunadatta commentary on A. H. Sharira Sthana 3/62-63
 
|style="text-align:center;"|3
 
|style="text-align:center;"|3
 
|When a hundred lotus petals are stacked one on top of  another & pierced with a sharp needle, it feels as if all the petals are  pierced at once. The same thing is happening with a mind as it thinks of  multiple things at once.
 
|When a hundred lotus petals are stacked one on top of  another & pierced with a sharp needle, it feels as if all the petals are  pierced at once. The same thing is happening with a mind as it thinks of  multiple things at once.
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|style="text-align:center;"|70.
 
|style="text-align:center;"|70.
 
|Visha-Krimi Nyaya
 
|Visha-Krimi Nyaya
|Su. Sa  Sharirsthan 4/79,
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|Su. Sa.  Sharira Sthana 4/79
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|style="text-align:center;"|1
 
|The human body consists of/ made with 5 natural components  (bhumi, aksha, agni, aap, vayu). That is called panchbhautik sharir. The  concept is explained using this Nyaya.
 
|The human body consists of/ made with 5 natural components  (bhumi, aksha, agni, aap, vayu). That is called panchbhautik sharir. The  concept is explained using this Nyaya.