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Kapha dosha (view source)

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== Etymology and derivation ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The word kapha is derived from root “kena jalena phalati iti kapha”.<ref name="ref2">Amarkosha. Amarsimha, Edited by Pt. Haragovindasastri. Reprint Ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 2020.</ref> It implies that water is the foundation of the kapha. The term ‘Shleshma’ used for kapha is derived from the root “ shlish alingane”.<ref name="ref3">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>[Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/5] The meaning is to cohere, to keep together, or to adhere. </div>

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The word kapha is derived from root “kena jalena phalati iti kapha”.<ref name="ref2">Amarkosha. Amarsimha, Edited by Pt. Haragovindasastri. Reprint Ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 2020.</ref> It implies that water is the foundation of the kapha. The term ‘Shleshma’ used for kapha is derived from the root “ shlish alingane”.<ref name="ref3">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>[Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/5] The meaning is to cohere, to keep together, or to adhere. </div>

=== Synonyms:<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4">Madhavakar. Madhava Nidanam. Edited by SashtriSudarshana, UpadhayaYadunandana. 30th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2000.</ref> ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>In normal states-[[Shleshma|Shleshma]] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12], [[Bala|bala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], [[Ojas|oja]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], balasa [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/74]<ref name="ref3"/> [Vachaspati on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/> balasaka[Vijayarakshita on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/>, Soma [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12] <br/>In abnormal states- Papma, [[Mala|mala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117]</div>

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>In normal states-[[Shleshma|Shleshma]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12], [[Bala|bala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], [[Ojas|oja]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117], balasa [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/74]<ref name="ref3"/> [Vachaspati on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/> balasaka[Vijayarakshita on M.N. 2/40]<ref name="ref4"/>, Soma [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12] <br/>In abnormal states- Papma, [[Mala|mala]][Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/117]</div>

=== Various aspects: ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha is related to [[Bala|bala(strength)]] to perform work. It is a potential source of resistance to [[Vyadhi|disease]] and aging. It is responsible for union and integration. Soma or water in the [[Sharira|body]], is implicit in the kapha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12] The [[Sharira|body]] weight and growth are both regulated by kapha. It bestows stability and toughness. It is a crucial element in the healing process and is regarded as virility, robust sexual health, and reproductive ability. All biological fluids, whether internal or extracellular, are composed of kapha and serve essential purpose of [[Sharira|body]]. It oversees many types of cohesiveness between cells, tissue, and organs. </div>

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha is related to [[Bala|bala(strength)]] to perform work. It is a potential source of resistance to [[Vyadhi|disease]] and aging. It is responsible for union and integration. Soma or water in the [[Sharira|body]], is implicit in the kapha. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12] The [[Sharira|body]] weight and growth are both regulated by kapha. It bestows stability and toughness. It is a crucial element in the healing process and is regarded as virility, robust sexual health, and reproductive ability. All biological fluids, whether internal or extracellular, are composed of kapha and serve essential purpose of [[Sharira|body]]. It oversees many types of cohesiveness between cells, tissue, and organs. </div>

== Bhautika composition ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/2] Although all the [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] participate in the composition, [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]] expresses dominant role and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]] as secondary. Acharya sushruta opines that kapha dosha originates from [[Saumya|saumya]] or [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref3"/>[Su.Sa. Sutra ~~Sthana42~~/5] [DalhanaSu.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8](Figure 01) </div>

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/2] Although all the [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] participate in the composition, [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]] expresses dominant role and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi mahabhuta]] as secondary. Acharya sushruta opines that kapha dosha originates from [[Saumya|saumya]] or [[Jala mahabhuta|jala mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref3"/>[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 42/5] [DalhanaSu.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/8](Figure 01) </div>

=== Kapha dosha and [[Triguna|triguna]] ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>All the living & nonliving things originate from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]. These [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] originate from trigunatmaka [[Prakriti|prakriti]] as described in evolution process (utpatti karma). [[Dosha|Dosha]] evolve from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahbhuta]], so these [[Dosha|dosha]] bear [[Triguna|triguna]] property. Sushruta stated that kapha evolved from [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi]]. [[Jala mahabhuta|Jala]] has [[Sattva|sattva]] and [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [[Prithvi mahabhuta|Prithvi]] has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance<ref name="ref3"/> [Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 1/20] Sharangdhara and Bhavaprakasha opine that kapha has [[Tamas|tama]] predominance. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5]<ref name="ref6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurabharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref> [Bha. Pra. Purva Khand 3/103]<ref name="ref7">Bhava mishra. Bhavaprakasha, Edited by Brahmasankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaisya. 5th ed. Hindi Commentary Vidyotini; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 1969.</ref> (Figure 01)

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== Sites of kapha ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present all over the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] They have specific sites in normal physiological conditions. The general location of kapha is the upper parts of the [[Sharira|body]]. It is marked as above the [[Hridaya|heart(hridaya)]].[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4]<ref name="ref5"/> Thes pecific seats of kapha areas below: [Code:SAT-B.238]<ref name="ref1"/> [Code:SAT-B.420]<ref name="ref1"/>(Figure 02)

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present all over the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] They have specific sites in normal physiological conditions. The general location of kapha is the upper parts of the [[Sharira|body]]. It is marked as above the [[Hridaya|heart(hridaya)]].[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/4]<ref name="ref5"/> Thes pecific seats of kapha areas below: [Code:SAT-B.238]<ref name="ref1"/> [Code:SAT-B.420]<ref name="ref1"/>(Figure 02)

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<ul><li>Chest(Ura)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li>

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<ul><li>Chest(Ura)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li>

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<li>Head (shira)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Head (shira)[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Neck region(griva) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Neck region(griva) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Joints (parva or sandhi)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Joints (parva or sandhi)[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>[[Amashaya|Stomach(amashaya)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>[[Amashaya|Stomach(amashaya)]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>[[Meda|Fat (meda)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>[[Meda|Fat (meda)]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Throat(kantha) [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Throat(kantha) [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Organ controlling water uptake and loss(kloma) [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Organ controlling water uptake and loss(kloma) [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]])[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]])[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>[[Ghrana|Nose (ghrana)]] [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>[[Ghrana|Nose (ghrana)]] [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Tongue(jihva or rasana)[Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Tongue(jihva or rasana)[Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Arms(bahu) [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li></ul>

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<li>Arms(bahu) [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> </li></ul>

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Among all these sites, chest region (ura) is the prime site of kapha dosha.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9][A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [Arunadatta on A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> Kapha dosha is predominately present in [[Amashaya|stomach(amashaya)]]. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="ref3"/> Chakrapani precisely explains the location of kapha as upper part of [[Amashaya|amashaya(stomach)]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]

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Among all these sites, chest region (ura) is the prime site of kapha dosha.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9][A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/3]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> [Arunadatta on A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/3]<ref name="ref8"/> Kapha dosha is predominately present in [[Amashaya|stomach(amashaya)]]. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/6]<ref name="ref3"/> Chakrapani precisely explains the location of kapha as upper part of [[Amashaya|amashaya(stomach)]]. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]

[[File:Kapha dosha Fig2.jpg|center|Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 02. General(A) and specific sites(B) of kapha dosha.'''</center></div>

=== Attributes: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The characteristics of kapha are:

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<ul><li>Heaviness(guru or gaurava) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<ul><li>Heaviness(guru or gaurava) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<li>Coldness(shita) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Coldness(shita) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.SutraSthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Softness (mridu) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

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<li>Softness (mridu) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

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<li>Unctuousness (snigdha) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<li>Unctuousness (snigdha) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/>[K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<li>[[Madhura|Sweet (madhura)]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>[[Madhura|Sweet (madhura)]] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

−

<li>Firmness/stability (sthira) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

+

<li>Firmness/stability (sthira) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

−

<li>Sliminess (picchila) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/61][Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<li>Sliminess (picchila) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/61][Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> </li>

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<li>Whitish (shaukalya or shweta) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/97][Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

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<li>Whitish (shaukalya or shweta) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/97][Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/>[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/34]<ref name="ref6"/> [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </li>

−

<li>Mouldable (mrutsana) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Mouldable (mrutsana) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/18] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

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<li>Smoothness (shlakshana) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

+

<li>Smoothness (shlakshana) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Mobile ([[Sara|sara]]) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Compact (sandra) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

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<li>Slowness (manda) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

+

<li>Slowness (manda) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/12]<ref name="ref8"/> </li>

<li>Stable (stimita) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Viscous (vijjala) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li>

<li>Transparent (accha) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] </li></ul>

−

Kapha dosha has [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]] taste in completely transformed or mature stage. It is [[Lavana|salty(lavana)]] in incomplete stage or when it is not fully formed. [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> Kashypa stated kapha is white in color.[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </div>

+

Kapha dosha has [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]] taste in completely transformed or mature stage. It is [[Lavana|salty(lavana)]] in incomplete stage or when it is not fully formed. [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/15]<ref name="ref3"/> Kashypa stated kapha is white in color.[K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/44]<ref name="ref9"/> </div>

== Functions of kapha ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha has independent tasks in the [[Sharira|body]]. However, it is dormant without [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/25]<ref name="ref6"/> The principal function of kapha dosha is to maintain the normal physiology by supporting growth and anabolism. The special functions of kapha are as below: [Code:SAT-B.421]<ref name="ref1"/> [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/51] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/12] [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/3]<ref name="ref8"/>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha has independent tasks in the [[Sharira|body]]. However, it is dormant without [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]]. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/25]<ref name="ref6"/> The principal function of kapha dosha is to maintain the normal physiology by supporting growth and anabolism. The special functions of kapha are as below: [Code:SAT-B.421]<ref name="ref1"/> [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/51] [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/12] [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/3]<ref name="ref8"/>

<ul><li>Provides and maintains unctuousness to the body ([[Snehana (unction therapy)|snehana]]) </li>

<li>Maintains the anatomical integrity of various cells, tissue, and organ with each other, as well as provides support/ Maintain the integrity of joints(bandhana) </li>

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<li>[[Buddhi|Intelligence(buddhi)]]</li></ul>

[[File:Kapha Fig3.jpg|center|Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of kapha.]]<center>'''Figure 03: Categorization of the functions of kapha.'''</center>

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Acharya Vagbhata was the first to describe five types of kapha with names. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/15-18]<ref name="ref8"/> Five particular functions of kapha are as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [Dalhana on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/>

+

Acharya Vagbhata was the first to describe five types of kapha with names. [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/15-18]<ref name="ref8"/> Five particular functions of kapha are as below: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/>

<ol><li>Maintains the structural integrity of joints(sandhi samshleshana)</li>

<li>Maintains the unctuousness ([[Snehana (unction therapy)|snehana]])</li>

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== Classification ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The classification of kaphais based on different functions and locations in the human [[Sharira|body]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [Su.Sa. Sutra ~~Sthana21~~/12-14]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/8]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/15-18]<ref name="ref8"/></div>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The classification of kaphais based on different functions and locations in the human [[Sharira|body]]. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/4]<ref name="ref3"/> [Su. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/7]<ref name="ref3"/> [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/12-14]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]<ref name="ref5"/> [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/15-18]<ref name="ref8"/></div>

=== Five types: ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Avalambaka|Avalambaka]], kledaka, bhodhaka, tarpaka, and shleshaka are the five classifications of kaphadosha. The location and function of five types of kaphadosha based on different ayurvedic texts are as given in table 01. </div>

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| Chest(ura)

|

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* Supports trika(area of conjugation of head with two arms) [Dalhana on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/12-14]<ref name="ref3"/> by its inherent power(trikasandharana)

+

* Supports trika(area of conjugation of head with two arms) [Dalhana on Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/12-14]<ref name="ref3"/> by its inherent power(trikasandharana)

* Support and maintain the structural and functional integrity of heart by power of nutrients present in food(annarasa).(annarasasahitenhridyaavalambana)

* Supports other kapha sites(sheshanam cha shleshmasthananamavalambanat)

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== Kapha dominant constitution (prakriti) ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acharya described the characteristics of kaphaja constitution individuals based on attributes of kapha dosha. [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/96] The person having kapha dosha in predominance have the following characteristics:

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acharya described the characteristics of kaphaja constitution individuals based on attributes of kapha dosha. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] The person having kapha dosha in predominance have the following characteristics:

<ul><li>Unctuous and smooth organs </li>

<li>Pleasing personality and fair in complexion </li>

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== [[Loka]] [[purusha]] samya ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The universe's entire production process is controlled by kapha. The kapha dosha in the human [[Sharira|body]] represents the [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]]. The moon, sun, and wind are responsible for nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), exhausting ([[Adana kala|adana]]), and dispersing (vikshepa) in the universe. Similarly, the kapha, [[Pitta|pitta]], and [[Vata dosha|vata]] do the same things in the human [[Sharira|body]].[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6]<ref name="ref3"/> </div>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The universe's entire production process is controlled by kapha. The kapha dosha in the human [[Sharira|body]] represents the [[Jala mahabhuta|jala]] and [[Prithvi mahabhuta|prithvi mahabhuta]]. The moon, sun, and wind are responsible for nourishing ([[Visarga kala|visarga]]), exhausting ([[Adana kala|adana]]), and dispersing (vikshepa) in the universe. Similarly, the kapha, [[Pitta|pitta]], and [[Vata dosha|vata]] do the same things in the human [[Sharira|body]].[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 29/6]<ref name="ref3"/> </div>

== Factors responsible for abnormal states of kapha ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Certain factors cause excess or decline of kapha in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable.</div>

=== Natural factors: ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential components of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/24]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra ~~Sthana1~~/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra ~~Sthana12~~/24-25]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. NidanaSthana1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential components of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/24]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/24-25]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. NidanaSthana1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">[[Ritu|Season(ritu)]]: <span style="font-weight:normal">Kapha undergoes accumulation in winter([[Hemanta|hemant]] and [[Shishira|shishira]]), gets vitiated in during [[Vasanta|spring(vasanta)]] and subsides to normal during [[Grishma|summer(grishma)]].</span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Various stages of digestion of food: <span style="font-weight:normal">Kapha gets increased during the first stage of digestion or immediately after eating food(bhuktamatra).</span></li>

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=== Acquired factors: ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>

<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and properties of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana|salt(lavana)]] taste, heavy-to-digest food, slimy, unctuous food articles and excessive intake of water cause kapha vitiation.</span></li>

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<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapna), lack of exercise(avyayama), drinking water at night(nisha ambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals(adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>

+

<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapna), lack of exercise(avyayama), drinking water at night(nisha ambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals(adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>

<li style="font-weight:bold">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">pleasure(harsha). </span></li></ul></div>

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>A person with a normal state of kapha dosha constitution (prakrita kapha), should avoid diet and lifestyle vitiating kapha.</div>

=== Stages of dosha: ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>

=== Hyperfunctioning of kapha (vriddhi lakshana) ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:

<ul><li>Whitish coloration of skin (shaukalaya) </li>

<li>A feeling of coldness (shaityam) </li>

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=== Hypofunctioning of kapha (kshaya lakshana): ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kaphadosha levels in the [[Sharira|body]] are declining, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as described below:[Su.Sa. Sutra ~~Sthana15~~/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra ~~Sthana11~~/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra ~~Sthana19~~/8]<ref name="ref5"/>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kaphadosha levels in the [[Sharira|body]] are declining, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as described below:[Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>

<ul><li>Dryness (rukshata)</li>

<li>Burning sensation in the body(antardaha) </li>

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=== Diagnosis: ===

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The state of kapha dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most common clinical features of kapha dosha are unctuousness (sneha), whitishness(shwetya), coldness(shaitya), itching(kandu), heaviness(gaurava), chronicity (chirkaritvam), accumulation (upachaya), numbness(supti). [Cha.Sa. Sutra ~~Sthana20~~/15] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/45]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Forty types of [[Vyadhi|diseases]] due to an imbalance of kaphadosha(kaphananatmajavyadhi) occur, as below [Cha.Sa. SutraSthana 20/17] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/42-43]<ref name="ref9"/> (Table 02)</div>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The state of kapha dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most common clinical features of kapha dosha are unctuousness (sneha), whitishness(shwetya), coldness(shaitya), itching(kandu), heaviness(gaurava), chronicity (chirkaritvam), accumulation (upachaya), numbness(supti). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/15] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/45]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Forty types of [[Vyadhi|diseases]] due to an imbalance of kaphadosha(kaphananatmajavyadhi) occur, as below [Cha.Sa. SutraSthana 20/17] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/42-43]<ref name="ref9"/> (Table 02)</div>

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 02: 20 types of disease of kapha (kaphananatmajavikara)<ref name="ref10">Byadgi P.S., Saini N..MaharogaAdhyaya. In: Kar A.C., Rai S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G., eds. Charak Samhita New Edition. 1st ed. Jamnagar, Ind: CSRTSDC; 2020. https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/index.php?title=Maharoga_Adhyaya&oldid=41150. Accessed November 14, 2022.</ref>

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== Treatment ==

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<div style='text-align:justify;'>The principle of similarities and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya- visheshasiddhanta]]) is applied in treatment. [[Rasa|Rasa]] (taste) and diet, that decrease kapha (shamaka) and aggravate kapha ([[Prakopa|prakopa]]), to treat and/or prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]] are included in management. Lifestyle and behavior to manage the levels of kapha dosha are included. Therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis (vamana)]] is the best intervention indicated for vitiated kapha. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/48]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Honey (madhu) and oil(tail) is helpful for the vitiated kapha dosha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] <br/>The herbs with [[Katu|pungent]], [[Tikta|bitter]], [[Kashaya|astringent]], hot, and penetrating qualities are used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Swedana|swedana]] (sudation therapy), [[Nasya|nasya]] (nasal therapy), exercise, etc. These are helpful in the treatment of kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/46]<ref name="ref9"/>

+

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The principle of similarities and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya- visheshasiddhanta]]) is applied in treatment. [[Rasa|Rasa]] (taste) and diet, that decrease kapha (shamaka) and aggravate kapha ([[Prakopa|prakopa]]), to treat and/or prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]] are included in management. Lifestyle and behavior to manage the levels of kapha dosha are included. Therapeutic [[Vamana|emesis (vamana)]] is the best intervention indicated for vitiated kapha. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/19] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/48]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Honey (madhu) and oil(tail) is helpful for the vitiated kapha dosha. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] <br/>The herbs with [[Katu|pungent]], [[Tikta|bitter]], [[Kashaya|astringent]], hot, and penetrating qualities are used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Swedana|swedana]] (sudation therapy), [[Nasya|nasya]] (nasal therapy), exercise, etc. These are helpful in the treatment of kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/19] [K.S. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/46]<ref name="ref9"/>

−

<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes ([[Rasa|rasa]]) that help in controlling the vitiated kapha are – [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Tikta|bitter(tikta)]], and [[Kashaya|astringent (kashaya)]]. Ingestion of food having dry, hot properties and in less quantity is useful for kapha dosha management. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/66] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/>

+

<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes ([[Rasa|rasa]]) that help in controlling the vitiated kapha are – [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Tikta|bitter(tikta)]], and [[Kashaya|astringent (kashaya)]]. Ingestion of food having dry, hot properties and in less quantity is useful for kapha dosha management. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/66] [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/>

−

<br/>'''Lifetsytle modification:''' Less sleep, dry massage of [[Sharira|body]], fasting, mouth gargles, exercise of different types, desire for sex. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/> </div>

+

<br/>'''Lifetsytle modification:''' Less sleep, dry massage of [[Sharira|body]], fasting, mouth gargles, exercise of different types, desire for sex. [A.Hr. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/> </div>

== Future area of research ==

Agnivesha

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