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Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu)

==Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu)==

Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>  

[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-62]

[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-62]

Superiority of vipaka

==Superiority of vipaka==

In pharmacotherapeutics, vipaka is superior in activity profile due to following reasons as given in table 3:[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]

In pharmacotherapeutics, vipaka is superior in activity profile due to following reasons as given in table 3:[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]

[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]<ref>Muthuswami NE, editor. Rasavaisheshiksutra by Bhadanta Nagarjuna 1st ed, Ch 1, Ver 170. Trivandrum: Goverment of Kerala; 1976. [Accessed on Oct 3,2019]. p. 60. Available from: https://archiveorg/details/Rasavaisheshik SutraWith Narasimha Bhashya/page/n145 .</ref>

[Bhadanta Nagarjuna]<ref>Muthuswami NE, editor. Rasavaisheshiksutra by Bhadanta Nagarjuna 1st ed, Ch 1, Ver 170. Trivandrum: Goverment of Kerala; 1976. [Accessed on Oct 3,2019]. p. 60. Available from: https://archiveorg/details/Rasavaisheshik SutraWith Narasimha Bhashya/page/n145 .</ref>

Assessment of vipaka:

==Assessment of vipaka==

Vipaka of any dravya shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), ASSESSMENT OF ‘VIPAKA’ (METABOLISM) OF A NEW MEDICINAL PLANT IN ANIMAL MODEL, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE VIPAKA OF CERTAIN SAMANA & VICITRA PRATYAYARABDHA DRUGS IN ALBINO RATS , Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitrapratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].

Vipaka of any dravya shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), ASSESSMENT OF ‘VIPAKA’ (METABOLISM) OF A NEW MEDICINAL PLANT IN ANIMAL MODEL, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE VIPAKA OF CERTAIN SAMANA & VICITRA PRATYAYARABDHA DRUGS IN ALBINO RATS , Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitrapratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].

Contemporary approach towards vipaka:

==Contemporary approach towards vipaka==

In the contemporary view, avasthapaka and vipaka can be mainly connected to the process of digestion. Digestion mainly involves process of breaking down of the complex food-stuff with the help of digestive juices into simple constituents, which can be normally absorbed and assimilated in the body. High molecular weight compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are thus broken down into low molecular weight, water soluble and absorbable constitutes after various processes occurred in organs of digestive system. Thus, avasthapaka can be considered as various phases of digestion.<ref>Divya K, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK. Exploring novel concept of Agni and its clinical relevance. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8):1–6.</ref> While vipaka can be seen as the process of ultimate transformation of the ingested material. Some researchers also opine that, gut microbiota surely plays a role in decreasing as well as increasing drug activity.<ref>The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity.Li H, He J, Jia WExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12(1):31-40.</ref>

In the contemporary view, avasthapaka and vipaka can be mainly connected to the process of digestion. Digestion mainly involves process of breaking down of the complex food-stuff with the help of digestive juices into simple constituents, which can be normally absorbed and assimilated in the body. High molecular weight compounds like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are thus broken down into low molecular weight, water soluble and absorbable constitutes after various processes occurred in organs of digestive system. Thus, avasthapaka can be considered as various phases of digestion.<ref>Divya K, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK. Exploring novel concept of Agni and its clinical relevance. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8):1–6.</ref> While vipaka can be seen as the process of ultimate transformation of the ingested material. Some researchers also opine that, gut microbiota surely plays a role in decreasing as well as increasing drug activity.<ref>The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity.Li H, He J, Jia WExpert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016; 12(1):31-40.</ref>

Exceptions

==Exceptions==

It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.  

It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.

==Importance of vipaka==

==Importance of vipaka==