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<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Vajikarana]] is a branch of [[Ayurveda]] which is intended to increase virility, improve quality of germinal cells as well treatment of various sexual dysfunctions. In this chapter code of conduct related to sex, dietary regime, qualities of normal sperm, factors affecting virility, qualities of sexual partner, role of mind in infertility, aphrodisiac and therapeutic formulations etc. are described. Simple and easy to prepare formulations are described in the chapter. Though these are described for males but we can apply same principles and formulations to female also for more preponderant effect. [[Vajikarana]] is generally misinterpreted as sexology. This myth is broken in this chapter by mentioning other effects of wider applicability and can be used for improving progeny and creating better world. The chapter is restricted to principles, regime and formulations. Aetiological factors, pathology of sexual dysfunctions and other aspects are mentioned in other chapters of this text.

<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Vajikarana]] is a branch of [[Ayurveda]] which is intended to increase virility, improve quality of germinal cells as well treatment of various sexual dysfunctions. In this chapter code of conduct related to sex, dietary regime, qualities of normal sperm, factors affecting virility, qualities of sexual partner, role of mind in infertility, aphrodisiac and therapeutic formulations etc. are described. Simple and easy to prepare formulations are described in the chapter. Though these are described for males but we can apply same principles and formulations to female also for more preponderant effect. [[Vajikarana]] is generally misinterpreted as sexology. This myth is broken in this chapter by mentioning other effects of wider applicability and can be used for improving progeny and creating better world. The chapter is restricted to principles, regime and formulations. Aetiological factors, pathology of sexual dysfunctions and other aspects are mentioned in other chapters of this text.

'''Keywords''': ''Vajikarana, Shukra, Vrishya'', libido, sexual dysfunctions, infertility, healthy progeny.

'''Keywords''': ''Vajikarana, [[Shukra]], Vrishya'', libido, sexual dysfunctions, infertility, healthy progeny.

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

Literature related to [[Vajikarana]] is present in all the three great treatises which show that this subject was considered paramount for betterment of humans. In [[Charak Samhita]] it is placed before describing treatment of various diseases and in ''Sushruta Samhita'', it is described after discussion of disease treatment. In ''Ashtanga'' it is mentioned in ''Uttara Sthana'' and is last chapter of this text. The order of placement depends upon basic theme of a text. Charak has given prime importance to promotion and preservation of health, whereas Sushruta and Vagbhata emphasized upon the treatment of diseases. This shows with time, Ayurvedic concept of promotion and prevention of health became less important in comparison to disease management.  

Literature related to [[Vajikarana]] is present in all the three great treatises which show that this subject was considered paramount for betterment of humans. In [[Charak Samhita]] it is placed before describing treatment of various diseases and in ''Sushruta Samhita'', it is described after discussion of disease treatment. In ''Ashtanga'' it is mentioned in ''Uttara Sthana'' and is last chapter of this text. The order of placement depends upon basic theme of a text. Charak has given prime importance to promotion and preservation of health, whereas Sushruta and Vagbhata emphasized upon the treatment of diseases. This shows with time, Ayurvedic concept of promotion and prevention of health became less important in comparison to disease management.  

[[Vajikarana]] is divided in four sections - ''Samyoga Sharamooliya'', ''Asikti Kshirika, Mashaparnabhritiya'' and ''Pumana Jata Baladika''. If we analyze the name of these sub-sections we will find that out of four, name of three sections (''Samyoga Sharamooliya, Asikti Kshirika, Mashaparnabhritiya'') are based on the first formulation described. Last section is named to give emphasis on their effect. The name of four sub-sections or ''pada'', itself suggests that in [[Vajikarana]] chapter, accentuation is given more to formulations. On analyzing these formulations one interesting fact which comes out is that out of 50 formulations mentioned very few can be considered as therapeutic preparations. Only four ''gutika'' or ''vati'' (tablets) are mentioned whereas seven ''mamsarasa'' (meat soup), ten types of milk preparations, four types of eggs, six types of ''pupalika, audana, payasa, rasala'' (different rice and milk preparations), etc. are given. Most of them are common dietary preparations included in normal diet and can be easily prepared. While stating difference in ''rasayana'' and [[Vajikarana]], it is stated that [[Vajikarana]] should be administered regularly to an individual.  

[[Vajikarana]] is divided in four sections - ''Samyoga Sharamooliya'', ''Asikti Kshirika, Mashaparnabhritiya'' and ''Pumana Jata Baladika''. If we analyze the name of these sub-sections we will find that out of four, name of three sections (''Samyoga Sharamooliya, Asikti Kshirika, Mashaparnabhritiya'') are based on the first formulation described. Last section is named to give emphasis on their effect. The name of four sub-sections or ''pada'', itself suggests that in [[Vajikarana]] chapter, accentuation is given more to formulations. On analyzing these formulations one interesting fact which comes out is that out of 50 formulations mentioned very few can be considered as therapeutic preparations. Only four ''gutika'' or ''vati'' (tablets) are mentioned whereas seven ''mamsarasa'' (meat soup), ten types of milk preparations, four types of eggs, six types of ''pupalika, audana, payasa, rasala'' (different rice and milk preparations), etc. are given. Most of them are common dietary preparations included in normal diet and can be easily prepared. While stating difference in ''[[rasayana]]'' and [[Vajikarana]], it is stated that [[Vajikarana]] should be administered regularly to an individual.  

[[Ayurveda]] considers ''brahmacharya'' as one of the three ''upastambha'' or pillars of life. It refers to a certain code of conduct related to sexual life. It is said that sexual activity should be neither practiced as complete celibacy nor excessive indulgence should be done as both will have detrimental effect on body as well as mind. It is recommended that the person below 17 years of age and more than 70 years of age should not consume [[Vajikarana]] preparations. These preparations have to be consumed by ''Jitendriya Purusha'' or man who has control on his senses and desires. If [[Vajikarana]] preparations are consumed by a man who has lost control over his senses and desire, he may prove harmful to society. Excessive coitus leads to ''shosha'' or loss of ''dhatus'' and suppression of sexual desire leads to impotency. Rules regarding coitus frequency, time, pattern changes due to seasonal variation, pre and post coitus preparations etc. are described at different places in ''Samhita''. Before administration of [[Vajikarana]] therapy purification should be done so that vitiated ''doshas'' and toxins are removed from the body and blocked channels are opened. This leads to increased bio-availability of [[Vajikarana]] drugs for beneficial results. [[Vajikarana]] treatment benefits include increased sexual performance, improving health of future progeny as well as treatment of many sexual disorders like infertility, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.  

[[Ayurveda]] considers ''brahmacharya'' as one of the three ''upastambha'' or pillars of life. It refers to a certain code of conduct related to sexual life. It is said that sexual activity should be neither practiced as complete celibacy nor excessive indulgence should be done as both will have detrimental effect on body as well as mind. It is recommended that the person below 17 years of age and more than 70 years of age should not consume [[Vajikarana]] preparations. These preparations have to be consumed by ''Jitendriya Purusha'' or man who has control on his senses and desires. If [[Vajikarana]] preparations are consumed by a man who has lost control over his senses and desire, he may prove harmful to society. Excessive coitus leads to ''shosha'' or loss of ''[[dhatu]]s'' and suppression of sexual desire leads to impotency. Rules regarding coitus frequency, time, pattern changes due to seasonal variation, pre and post coitus preparations etc. are described at different places in ''Samhita''. Before administration of [[Vajikarana]] therapy purification should be done so that vitiated ''[[dosha]]s'' and toxins are removed from the body and blocked channels are opened. This leads to increased bio-availability of [[Vajikarana]] drugs for beneficial results. [[Vajikarana]] treatment benefits include increased sexual performance, improving health of future progeny as well as treatment of many sexual disorders like infertility, erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.  

[[Ayurveda]] has given immense importance to women in relation to sexual activity. Woman has been referred as ''kshetra'' or medium in which seed (or sperm) is implanted and fetal growth and development takes place. To get healthy progeny, woman should have certain qualities like she must be from different clan, physically and mentally salubrious and she should be pure (she should have taken post menstrual bath etc.). Such claims are still valid as it is seen that marriages in blood relatives or in same clan have more preponderance of genetic disorders. Chance of having healthy progeny is influenced by the mental state of partners. In ancient times, society was male dominant and females were not given equivalent status & rights like their male counterparts. At many places, social beliefs and rituals prevalent at that time has affected Ayurvedic literature. In [[Vajikarana]] also most of the descriptions are related to males only. Rules, formulations, code of conduct etc. mentioned apply to females also and so [[Vajikarana]] principles and formulations should not be restricted to males only and should be administered to females also.

[[Ayurveda]] has given immense importance to women in relation to sexual activity. Woman has been referred as ''kshetra'' or medium in which seed (or sperm) is implanted and fetal growth and development takes place. To get healthy progeny, woman should have certain qualities like she must be from different clan, physically and mentally salubrious and she should be pure (she should have taken post menstrual bath etc.). Such claims are still valid as it is seen that marriages in blood relatives or in same clan have more preponderance of genetic disorders. Chance of having healthy progeny is influenced by the mental state of partners. In ancient times, society was male dominant and females were not given equivalent status & rights like their male counterparts. At many places, social beliefs and rituals prevalent at that time has affected Ayurvedic literature. In [[Vajikarana]] also most of the descriptions are related to males only. Rules, formulations, code of conduct etc. mentioned apply to females also and so [[Vajikarana]] principles and formulations should not be restricted to males only and should be administered to females also.

The semen gets diminished by old age, worry, anxiety, diseases, overexertion, fasting and excessive sexual indulgence. By consumption, fear, suspicion and grief, by seeing the deformities in woman, by non excitation of the woman, absence of passionate determination, by abstention from sex and just after full sexual enjoyment, a man is rendered incapable of mating with a woman. This depends on strength of the body and mind.[36-45]

The semen gets diminished by old age, worry, anxiety, diseases, overexertion, fasting and excessive sexual indulgence. By consumption, fear, suspicion and grief, by seeing the deformities in woman, by non excitation of the woman, absence of passionate determination, by abstention from sex and just after full sexual enjoyment, a man is rendered incapable of mating with a woman. This depends on strength of the body and mind.[36-45]

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==== Description of ''Shukra'' ====

==== Description of ''[[Shukra]]'' ====

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As the juice exists in the sugarcane, ghee in the whole curd, and oil exists in whole part of the sesame seed, in the same way, semen pervades in the entire body which has the sensation of touch.  

As the juice exists in the sugarcane, ghee in the whole curd, and oil exists in whole part of the sesame seed, in the same way, semen pervades in the entire body which has the sensation of touch.  

The semen trickles down from its site during copulation between man and woman because of sex act, passionate attachment, and physical pressure, as water comes out of a wet cloth when squeezed. The semen is ejaculated from the body as a result of these eight factors- excitement, excessive desire, fluidity, viscosity, heaviness, atomicity and the tendency to flow out and the speedy motion of ''vata''. The un-manifested soul which takes different forms in this world, manifests itself in the form of semen.[46-49]

The semen trickles down from its site during copulation between man and woman because of sex act, passionate attachment, and physical pressure, as water comes out of a wet cloth when squeezed. The semen is ejaculated from the body as a result of these eight factors- excitement, excessive desire, fluidity, viscosity, heaviness, atomicity and the tendency to flow out and the speedy motion of ''[[vata]]''. The un-manifested soul which takes different forms in this world, manifests itself in the form of semen.[46-49]

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==== Characteristics of ''Shukra'' ====

==== Characteristics of ''[[Shukra]]'' ====

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#The male and female partners shall be physically and psychologically able to have pleasant coitus.  

#The male and female partners shall be physically and psychologically able to have pleasant coitus.  

*[[Vajikarana]] drugs besides helping get good progeny and pleasure is useful in living healthy and long life.

*[[Vajikarana]] drugs besides helping get good progeny and pleasure is useful in living healthy and long life.

*For copulation, the ''shukra'' should possess qualities such as thickness, sweetness, unctuousness, without any putrid smell, heavyness, viscidity, white in colour, and abundant in quantity. This invariably helps in procreation.

*For copulation, the ''[[shukra]]'' should possess qualities such as thickness, sweetness, unctuousness, without any putrid smell, heavyness, viscidity, white in colour, and abundant in quantity. This invariably helps in procreation.

*Mind plays a great role in [[Vajikarana]]. It is important to have a pleasant mind for proper sexual satisfaction. All those items which lead to pleasure increase virility.  

*Mind plays a great role in [[Vajikarana]]. It is important to have a pleasant mind for proper sexual satisfaction. All those items which lead to pleasure increase virility.  

*Sexual act should not be done before age16 and after age 70.

*Sexual act should not be done before age16 and after age 70.

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

''Rasayana'' and [[Vajikarana]] therapies have common aim to provide positive health and prevention of diseases by increasing vigor of healthy person and so, [[Vajikarana]] is described just after [[Rasayana]] chapter. Health scientists are showing great interest in screening classical ''rasayana'' drugs for their antioxidant activity and research reveals good results. Studies on ''amalaki rasayana'' <ref>Dwivedi V, Anandan EM, Mony RS, Muraleedharan TS, Valiathan MS, Mutsuddi M, et al. In vivo effects of traditional Ayurvedic formulations in Drosophila melanogaster relate with therapeutic applications. PLoS One. 2012;7:e37113.</ref> shows increased longevity and on Drosophila melanogaster <ref> Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD. Extending healthy life span – From yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328:321–6.</ref> there is reduced oxidative damage to extend lifespan. Many drugs are described as ''rasayanas'' and ''vajikara'' both. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has deteriorating effect on sperm. This has been increasing due to changing lifestyle and exposure to environmental pollution. Spermatozoa normally produce ROS in a normal physiological process. The amount of ROS produced is to be carefully controlled. Imbalance between the generation and scavenging of ROS may lead to damage to DNA or other important structures. Spermatozoa lack cytoplasmic defensive enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, which are involved in the protection of most cell types from ROS induced peroxidative damage. Large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids are observed in plasma membranes of spermatozoa, those are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack.<ref>Jones R and Mann T (1973) Lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 184,103–107.</ref> The subfertile men have higher concentrations of ROS in seminal plasma, whereas an inverse correlation exists between ROS concentration and motility.<ref>Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE, Review Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 1992 Sep 12; 305(6854):609-13</ref> Many ''rasayanas'' act as antioxidants, so they can also be used to enhance sperm quality and quantity. Thus, mutual correlation and common mode of action justifies description of [[Vajikarana]] just after ''rasayana'' therapy.

''[[Rasayana]]'' and [[Vajikarana]] therapies have common aim to provide positive health and prevention of diseases by increasing vigor of healthy person and so, [[Vajikarana]] is described just after [[Rasayana]] chapter. Health scientists are showing great interest in screening classical ''[[rasayana]]'' drugs for their antioxidant activity and research reveals good results. Studies on ''amalaki rasayana'' <ref>Dwivedi V, Anandan EM, Mony RS, Muraleedharan TS, Valiathan MS, Mutsuddi M, et al. In vivo effects of traditional Ayurvedic formulations in Drosophila melanogaster relate with therapeutic applications. PLoS One. 2012;7:e37113.</ref> shows increased longevity and on Drosophila melanogaster <ref> Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD. Extending healthy life span – From yeast to humans. Science. 2010;328:321–6.</ref> there is reduced oxidative damage to extend lifespan. Many drugs are described as ''[[rasayana]]s'' and ''vajikara'' both. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has deteriorating effect on sperm. This has been increasing due to changing lifestyle and exposure to environmental pollution. Spermatozoa normally produce ROS in a normal physiological process. The amount of ROS produced is to be carefully controlled. Imbalance between the generation and scavenging of ROS may lead to damage to DNA or other important structures. Spermatozoa lack cytoplasmic defensive enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, which are involved in the protection of most cell types from ROS induced peroxidative damage. Large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids are observed in plasma membranes of spermatozoa, those are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack.<ref>Jones R and Mann T (1973) Lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 184,103–107.</ref> The subfertile men have higher concentrations of ROS in seminal plasma, whereas an inverse correlation exists between ROS concentration and motility.<ref>Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE, Review Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 1992 Sep 12; 305(6854):609-13</ref> Many ''[[rasayana]]s'' act as antioxidants, so they can also be used to enhance sperm quality and quantity. Thus, mutual correlation and common mode of action justifies description of [[Vajikarana]] just after ''[[rasayana]]'' therapy.

For many years, decline in human semen quality and fertility rates has been a concern.<ref>MacLeod J, Heim L M. Characteristics and variations in semen specimens in 100 normal young men. Journal of Urology. 1945;54:474–482.</ref> Environmental and occupational pollutants, changes in lifestyles, exposure to toxic agents, and changes in dietary habits are observed among the most commonly cited factors associated with these declines.<ref>Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde ER, Weber RF, van Kooij RJ, Veulemans H, Heederik DJ, Occupationally related exposures and reduced semen quality: a case-control study, Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr; 71(4):690-6.</ref> The environmental and lifestyle factors causing subfertility shall be targeted for curative or preventive measures. Environmental stress causes increase in the number of free radicals (i.e., hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and reactive oxygen species [ROS] that cause apoptosis in the spermatogenic cell.<ref>Wang X, Sharma RK, Sikka SC. Oxidative stress is associated with increased apoptosis leading to spermatoozoa DNA damage in patients with male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:531–5.</ref> Chronic or severe stress leads to anovulation and amenorrhea in women <ref>Barnea, E. R., and Tal, J. Stress-r elated reproductive failure. J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transfer 8: 15-23 (1991).</ref> and to decrease in sperm count, motility, and morphology in men.<ref>McGrady, A. V. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch. Androl. 131: 1-10 (1984).</ref> Smoking,<ref>Goverde HJ, Dekker HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA.,Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 May-Jun;40(3):135-8.</ref> alcohol,<ref>Joo KJ, Kwon YW, Myung SC, Kim TH, The effects of smoking and alcohol intake on sperm quality: light and transmission electron microscopy findings. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(6):2327-35.</ref> caffeine,<ref>Vine MF, Setzer RW Jr, Everson RB, Wyrobek AJ, Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Mar-Jun;11(2-3):179-84.</ref> pesticides, air pollution,<ref>Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP, Environmental factors and semen quality.Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2009;22(4):305-29.</ref> bisphenol A,<ref>Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulova AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP. Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells. Endocrinology. 2004;145:592–603</ref> diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardio-vascular disease are related to deterioration of reproductive health<ref>Sunil Kumar, Archana Kumari, Shiva, Murarka, Lifestyle factors in deteriorating male reproductive health, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 47, August 2009, pp.615-624.</ref> by affecting sperm quality.  

For many years, decline in human semen quality and fertility rates has been a concern.<ref>MacLeod J, Heim L M. Characteristics and variations in semen specimens in 100 normal young men. Journal of Urology. 1945;54:474–482.</ref> Environmental and occupational pollutants, changes in lifestyles, exposure to toxic agents, and changes in dietary habits are observed among the most commonly cited factors associated with these declines.<ref>Tielemans E, Burdorf A, te Velde ER, Weber RF, van Kooij RJ, Veulemans H, Heederik DJ, Occupationally related exposures and reduced semen quality: a case-control study, Fertil Steril. 1999 Apr; 71(4):690-6.</ref> The environmental and lifestyle factors causing subfertility shall be targeted for curative or preventive measures. Environmental stress causes increase in the number of free radicals (i.e., hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and reactive oxygen species [ROS] that cause apoptosis in the spermatogenic cell.<ref>Wang X, Sharma RK, Sikka SC. Oxidative stress is associated with increased apoptosis leading to spermatoozoa DNA damage in patients with male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:531–5.</ref> Chronic or severe stress leads to anovulation and amenorrhea in women <ref>Barnea, E. R., and Tal, J. Stress-r elated reproductive failure. J. In Vitro Fertil. Embryo Transfer 8: 15-23 (1991).</ref> and to decrease in sperm count, motility, and morphology in men.<ref>McGrady, A. V. Effects of psychological stress on male reproduction: a review. Arch. Androl. 131: 1-10 (1984).</ref> Smoking,<ref>Goverde HJ, Dekker HS, Janssen HJ, Bastiaans BA, Rolland R, Zielhuis GA.,Semen quality and frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption--an explorative study. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995 May-Jun;40(3):135-8.</ref> alcohol,<ref>Joo KJ, Kwon YW, Myung SC, Kim TH, The effects of smoking and alcohol intake on sperm quality: light and transmission electron microscopy findings. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(6):2327-35.</ref> caffeine,<ref>Vine MF, Setzer RW Jr, Everson RB, Wyrobek AJ, Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Reprod Toxicol. 1997 Mar-Jun;11(2-3):179-84.</ref> pesticides, air pollution,<ref>Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP, Environmental factors and semen quality.Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2009;22(4):305-29.</ref> bisphenol A,<ref>Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulova AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP. Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by the xenoestrogen bisphenol A is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in rat Leydig cells. Endocrinology. 2004;145:592–603</ref> diseases like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardio-vascular disease are related to deterioration of reproductive health<ref>Sunil Kumar, Archana Kumari, Shiva, Murarka, Lifestyle factors in deteriorating male reproductive health, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 47, August 2009, pp.615-624.</ref> by affecting sperm quality.  

Nutrition status is also a major cause of sub-fertility. Sexual dysfunction due to malnutrition can be easily overcome. Nutrition is important for DNA synthesis leading to development of spermatozoa and oocytes. Diet also provides exogenous antioxidants (vitamins C and E).  Dietary formulations mentioned are perfect amalgamation of energy and nutrients required for production and maturation of sperm.   

Nutrition status is also a major cause of sub-fertility. Sexual dysfunction due to malnutrition can be easily overcome. Nutrition is important for DNA synthesis leading to development of spermatozoa and oocytes. Diet also provides exogenous antioxidants (vitamins C and E).  Dietary formulations mentioned are perfect amalgamation of energy and nutrients required for production and maturation of sperm.   

In [[Ayurveda]], ''ahara'' or diet has been considered to be a form of medicine (''bhaishajya'') and the role of diet is not limited to nutrition only. Properly planned diet can be used for prevention as well as treatment of the diseases. ''Shukra'' is one of the seven ''dhatus'' and is formed by successive evolution of ''dhatus'' starting from ''rasa dhatu'' and diet forms the substrate [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/16]. So, ''ahara'' is one important factor on which quality of ''dhatu'' depends.  

In [[Ayurveda]], ''ahara'' or diet has been considered to be a form of medicine (''bhaishajya'') and the role of diet is not limited to nutrition only. Properly planned diet can be used for prevention as well as treatment of the diseases. ''[[Shukra]]'' is one of the seven ''[[dhatu]]s'' and is formed by successive evolution of ''[[dhatu]]s'' starting from ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' and diet forms the substrate [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/16]. So, ''ahara'' is one important factor on which quality of ''[[dhatu]]'' depends.  

Various simple dietary preparations which can increase quantity as well as quality of sperm are mentioned.  The substance acts in various modes in the body, one of those is the principle of ''dravya samanya'' (similarity in substance) i.e. consumption of food item similar to body tissues increase them due to similar constitution. Keeping this fact in mind semen of different animals has been used with fat. ''Snigdha dravya'' (unctuous substances) increase semen by similar properties. However, this mode of therapy may not have individual acceptance or practical in current period so principle of ''guna samanya'' (''dravya'' with similar properties) may be used.

Various simple dietary preparations which can increase quantity as well as quality of sperm are mentioned.  The substance acts in various modes in the body, one of those is the principle of ''dravya samanya'' (similarity in substance) i.e. consumption of food item similar to body tissues increase them due to similar constitution. Keeping this fact in mind semen of different animals has been used with fat. ''Snigdha dravya'' (unctuous substances) increase semen by similar properties. However, this mode of therapy may not have individual acceptance or practical in current period so principle of ''[[guna]] samanya'' (''dravya'' with similar properties) may be used.

==== Role of milk and dairy products ====

==== Role of milk and dairy products ====

==== Feeding of animal affects quality of milk ====

==== Feeding of animal affects quality of milk ====

Milk composition can be altered by the feeding regime of cow. Content of several fatty acids such as c9, t11-CLA and the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are affected by the amount of grass and supplemental feeds (concentrate) in the diet. Milk content of several vitamins and minerals are also influenced by the cow's diet.<ref>Anna Haug, Arne T Hostmark, and Odd M Harstad Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review, Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6: 25.</ref> In a study it was found that concentrations of micro-components like CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows.<ref>Lock AL, Bauman DE, Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health, Lipids, 2004 Dec;39(12):1197-206</ref> In another study effect of diet and cooling interactions on milk composition were studied in cows. So, it can be said that diet definitely affects milk composition and in turn effects are also modulated. If cow is fed with ''masha'' then the qualities of milk will increase and thus such milk is said to be good aphrodisiac that have more beneficial effects on sperm quality. Masha itself has properties of increasing ''shukra'' as it has ''snigdha'' and ''madhura'' qualities.

Milk composition can be altered by the feeding regime of cow. Content of several fatty acids such as c9, t11-CLA and the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are affected by the amount of grass and supplemental feeds (concentrate) in the diet. Milk content of several vitamins and minerals are also influenced by the cow's diet.<ref>Anna Haug, Arne T Hostmark, and Odd M Harstad Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review, Lipids Health Dis. 2007; 6: 25.</ref> In a study it was found that concentrations of micro-components like CLA, and to a lesser extent EPA and DHA, can be significantly enhanced through the use of diet formulation and nutritional management of dairy cows.<ref>Lock AL, Bauman DE, Modifying milk fat composition of dairy cows to enhance fatty acids beneficial to human health, Lipids, 2004 Dec;39(12):1197-206</ref> In another study effect of diet and cooling interactions on milk composition were studied in cows. So, it can be said that diet definitely affects milk composition and in turn effects are also modulated. If cow is fed with ''masha'' then the qualities of milk will increase and thus such milk is said to be good aphrodisiac that have more beneficial effects on sperm quality. Masha itself has properties of increasing ''[[shukra]]'' as it has ''snigdha'' and ''madhura'' qualities.

According to [[Ayurveda]], cow milk is better than other milk. Beneficial role of cow’s milk has been established by some recent researches. A study unambiguously clarified at the cellular level that cow's milk increased the activities of human PPARalpha, PPARdelta, and RXRalpha. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating energy homeostasis including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival because PPAR agonists have the potential to prevent or ameliorate diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity.<ref>Suhara W, Koide H, Okuzawa T, Hayashi D, Hashimoto T, Kojo H., Cow's milk increases the activities of human nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta and retinoid X receptor alpha involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, obesity, and inflammation, J Dairy Sci. 2009 Sep;92(9):4180-7</ref> Milk is itself regarded as ''Sadyo Shukrakara'' (means instant aphrodisiac) in [[Ayurveda]] as it increases sperm quality soon after the consumption.

According to [[Ayurveda]], cow milk is better than other milk. Beneficial role of cow’s milk has been established by some recent researches. A study unambiguously clarified at the cellular level that cow's milk increased the activities of human PPARalpha, PPARdelta, and RXRalpha. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating energy homeostasis including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival because PPAR agonists have the potential to prevent or ameliorate diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity.<ref>Suhara W, Koide H, Okuzawa T, Hayashi D, Hashimoto T, Kojo H., Cow's milk increases the activities of human nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta and retinoid X receptor alpha involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, obesity, and inflammation, J Dairy Sci. 2009 Sep;92(9):4180-7</ref> Milk is itself regarded as ''Sadyo Shukrakara'' (means instant aphrodisiac) in [[Ayurveda]] as it increases sperm quality soon after the consumption.

==== Rice and its preparation with milk ====

==== Rice and its preparation with milk ====

''Shashitika'' rice is ''snigdha, madhura'' and ''sheeta'' and so by Ayurvedic principle of ''guna samanya'' (similar properties) it helps in improving semen quality.<ref>Chakrapani, Charak, Sutra sthana, chap 5 Matrasheetia Adhyaya Verse 3, Rastriya Sanskrit Sansthana, Delhi, 2006.</ref> ''Balya'' and ''brimhaniya'' drugs are added to rice for increasing strength of patient. ''Masha, shali, shashtika, godhuma'' provide combination of both carbohydrate and protein. It can be taken with milk and meat juice which again adds nutritive value. As digestive power varies with persons, dose fixation should be done individually after assessment of ''agni''.

''Shashitika'' rice is ''snigdha, madhura'' and ''sheeta'' and so by Ayurvedic principle of ''[[guna]] samanya'' (similar properties) it helps in improving semen quality.<ref>Chakrapani, Charak, Sutra sthana, chap 5 Matrasheetia Adhyaya Verse 3, Rastriya Sanskrit Sansthana, Delhi, 2006.</ref> ''Balya'' and ''brimhaniya'' drugs are added to rice for increasing strength of patient. ''Masha, shali, shashtika, godhuma'' provide combination of both carbohydrate and protein. It can be taken with milk and meat juice which again adds nutritive value. As digestive power varies with persons, dose fixation should be done individually after assessment of ''agni''.

''Payasa'' is dietary preparation which is popular as sweet dish in India. It is prepared from combination of milk and rice. It has property to increase sperm quality. If made from various aphrodisiac drugs its effect is much more. ''Payasa'' is included in normal diet regime so it can be easy aphrodisiac formulation by changing contents of ''Payasa''.

''Payasa'' is dietary preparation which is popular as sweet dish in India. It is prepared from combination of milk and rice. It has property to increase sperm quality. If made from various aphrodisiac drugs its effect is much more. ''Payasa'' is included in normal diet regime so it can be easy aphrodisiac formulation by changing contents of ''Payasa''.

=== Ghee ===

=== Ghee ===

Clarified butter (''ghrita'' or ghee) is used as aphrodisiac because it is considered good for ''rasa, shukra'' and ''ojas'' [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/14]. Intake of regular ghrita and milk is said to be best ''rasayana'' in ''Agrya Prakrana'' by Charak. Ghee is used as processing media that carries the therapeutic properties of herbs to all the body's tissues. Proper metabolism of drug is crucial in obtaining the maximum benefit. The lipophilic action of ghee facilitates transportation to a target organ and final delivery inside the cell, since the cell membrane also contains lipid. The effect of  herb increases when it is used with ghee as compared to powder or tablet form.<ref> Illingworth D, Patil GR, Tamime AY. Anhydrous milk fat manufacture and fractionation. In: Tamime AY, editor. Dairy Fats and Related Products. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.</ref> ''Rasala'' has been said to be ''balya'' and ''shukrala''<ref>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I.Purva Khanda Chapter 12 Verse 124-127 Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000.pp.- </ref>

Clarified butter (''ghrita'' or ghee) is used as aphrodisiac because it is considered good for ''[[rasa]], [[shukra]]'' and ''[[ojas]]'' [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/14]. Intake of regular ghrita and milk is said to be best ''[[rasayana]]'' in ''Agrya Prakrana'' by Charak. Ghee is used as processing media that carries the therapeutic properties of herbs to all the body's tissues. Proper metabolism of drug is crucial in obtaining the maximum benefit. The lipophilic action of ghee facilitates transportation to a target organ and final delivery inside the cell, since the cell membrane also contains lipid. The effect of  herb increases when it is used with ghee as compared to powder or tablet form.<ref> Illingworth D, Patil GR, Tamime AY. Anhydrous milk fat manufacture and fractionation. In: Tamime AY, editor. Dairy Fats and Related Products. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.</ref> ''Rasala'' has been said to be ''balya'' and ''shukrala''<ref>Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha -Volume I.Purva Khanda Chapter 12 Verse 124-127 Translated from Sanskrit by K.R. Srikantha Murthy. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas academy;2000.pp.- </ref>

''Pupalika'' is a dietary preparation which increases strength and sexual power. When prepared with potent aphrodisiac drugs as mentioned above its efficacy increases many fold. Such preparation can be easily prepared and can be used as food supplement.

''Pupalika'' is a dietary preparation which increases strength and sexual power. When prepared with potent aphrodisiac drugs as mentioned above its efficacy increases many fold. Such preparation can be easily prepared and can be used as food supplement.

=== Non medicinal agents and mental factors for vajikarana ===

=== Non medicinal agents and mental factors for vajikarana ===

Mental factors play prime role in sexual behaviour and on this fact. Sankalpa (determination) is best aphrodisiac. Soumansaya (pleasant mental disposition) is the most important factor in garbha dharana or conception.  While mentioning factors having beneficial role on sperm quality and quantity, mental factors have also been given importance. Harsha is termed as stimulating pleasure to initiate the sexual act by psychological means (Gangadhar commentary on 1-4/48). ‘Harsha’ can be explained as the desire produced from Samkalpa (fantasy) leading to erection and ejaculation (Chakrapani commentary).  

Mental factors play prime role in sexual behaviour and on this fact. Sankalpa (determination) is best aphrodisiac. Soumansaya (pleasant mental disposition) is the most important factor in [[garbha]] dharana or conception.  While mentioning factors having beneficial role on sperm quality and quantity, mental factors have also been given importance. Harsha is termed as stimulating pleasure to initiate the sexual act by psychological means (Gangadhar commentary on 1-4/48). ‘Harsha’ can be explained as the desire produced from Samkalpa (fantasy) leading to erection and ejaculation (Chakrapani commentary).  

Mental status and surroundings of the patient plays crucial role in determining virility of a person.  Studies show that psychosocial distress contributes significantly to the etiology of some forms of infertility.<ref>Wasser SK, Sewall G, Soules MR. Psychosocial stress as a cause of infertility. Fertil Steril. 1993 Mar;59(3):685-9.</ref> Stress is one among important factor of increasing infertility. Psychological stress reduces semen quality with a central underlying mechanism being impairment of gonadotropin drive.<ref>Fenster L, Katz DF, Wyrobek AJ, Pieper C, Rempel DM, Oman D, Swan SH, Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality, J Androl. 1997 Mar-Apr; 18(2):194-202</ref> Stress also reduces sperm quality by increasing plasma ROS generation and decreasing antioxidant protection.<ref>Eskiocak S, Gozen AS, Taskiran A, Kilic AS, Eskiocak M, Gulen , Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen quality., Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 May; 39(5):581-8.</ref> Lengthy sexual abstinence was found to affect all semen characteristics. Semen volume and concentration and total sperm count showed significant increases, whereas motility and normal morphology decreased significantly with duration of abstinence. With regard to fertility, a long abstinence period might induce senescence of spermatozoa.<ref>Levitas E, Fertil Steril. Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples., 2005 Jun;83(6):1680-6.</ref>  Mental stress is one of the main causes of infertility. Healthy and stress free mind increases chances of conception. Advice on modifiable lifestyle factors should be given to people presenting for infertility treatment to help them make positive changes that may improve their chances of pregnancy. <ref>Anderson K, Nisenblat V, Norman R. Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment - A review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010 Feb;50(1):8-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01119.x.</ref> Pleasant mind and environment can contribute a lot to improve virility.  

Mental status and surroundings of the patient plays crucial role in determining virility of a person.  Studies show that psychosocial distress contributes significantly to the etiology of some forms of infertility.<ref>Wasser SK, Sewall G, Soules MR. Psychosocial stress as a cause of infertility. Fertil Steril. 1993 Mar;59(3):685-9.</ref> Stress is one among important factor of increasing infertility. Psychological stress reduces semen quality with a central underlying mechanism being impairment of gonadotropin drive.<ref>Fenster L, Katz DF, Wyrobek AJ, Pieper C, Rempel DM, Oman D, Swan SH, Effects of psychological stress on human semen quality, J Androl. 1997 Mar-Apr; 18(2):194-202</ref> Stress also reduces sperm quality by increasing plasma ROS generation and decreasing antioxidant protection.<ref>Eskiocak S, Gozen AS, Taskiran A, Kilic AS, Eskiocak M, Gulen , Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen quality., Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006 May; 39(5):581-8.</ref> Lengthy sexual abstinence was found to affect all semen characteristics. Semen volume and concentration and total sperm count showed significant increases, whereas motility and normal morphology decreased significantly with duration of abstinence. With regard to fertility, a long abstinence period might induce senescence of spermatozoa.<ref>Levitas E, Fertil Steril. Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples., 2005 Jun;83(6):1680-6.</ref>  Mental stress is one of the main causes of infertility. Healthy and stress free mind increases chances of conception. Advice on modifiable lifestyle factors should be given to people presenting for infertility treatment to help them make positive changes that may improve their chances of pregnancy. <ref>Anderson K, Nisenblat V, Norman R. Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment - A review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010 Feb;50(1):8-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01119.x.</ref> Pleasant mind and environment can contribute a lot to improve virility.  

Eight factors which are involved in ejaculation process are mentioned. Harsha, as discussed earlier, is stimulating pleasure to initiate the sexual act by psychological means. ‘Harsha’ is the desire produced from Sankalpa (determination) leading to erection and ejaculation. Chakrapani described tarsha as vanitanamabhilasha i.e. desire of female partner. The word tarsha is also used to denote trisha so it can be described as strong desire to have female partner. Both the harsha and tarsha are psychological entities. According to Hemadri, the substance which is having the potency of prerana (stimulation) is called sara. So, sara is natural quality of shukra and so it flows without retention.  Picchilata refers to sliminess and so it helps in smooth ejaculation. Gurutva helps in falling of semen. Anu refers to small so due to anu-bhava semen comes out quickly. Chakrapani comments that due to anu-bhava shukra has tendency to come out. The factors sara, paicchilya, guru, anu-bhava and pravanabhava are the physical properties of shukra which helps in ejaculation.

Eight factors which are involved in ejaculation process are mentioned. Harsha, as discussed earlier, is stimulating pleasure to initiate the sexual act by psychological means. ‘Harsha’ is the desire produced from Sankalpa (determination) leading to erection and ejaculation. Chakrapani described tarsha as vanitanamabhilasha i.e. desire of female partner. The word tarsha is also used to denote trisha so it can be described as strong desire to have female partner. Both the harsha and tarsha are psychological entities. According to Hemadri, the substance which is having the potency of prerana (stimulation) is called sara. So, sara is natural quality of [[shukra]] and so it flows without retention.  Picchilata refers to sliminess and so it helps in smooth ejaculation. Gurutva helps in falling of semen. Anu refers to small so due to anu-bhava semen comes out quickly. Chakrapani comments that due to anu-bhava [[shukra]] has tendency to come out. The factors sara, paicchilya, guru, anu-bhava and pravanabhava are the physical properties of [[shukra]] which helps in ejaculation.

There is immense need that we should change lifestyle to have content mind. Meditation, Yoga and Ayurvedic spiritual principles can contribute a lot in this field.

There is immense need that we should change lifestyle to have content mind. Meditation, Yoga and Ayurvedic spiritual principles can contribute a lot in this field.

=== Explanation of shukra ===

=== Explanation of [[shukra]] ===

From the different descriptions given regarding shukra, its structure and functional identity can be understood in a broader sense. The term shukra represents androgens, semen and sperm itself according to the suitability of the contexts. In above context the seat of shukra has been told as whole body so it can be taken as hormone.  It has been clarified that semen exists in whole and it comes out after sexual arousal. The main object and mean of sexual arousal is tactile stimulation. Shukra pervades all over the body seated on the sparshanendriya (tactile sensorium). The mind  has inseparable union with tvak. According to Gangadhara the shukra present in the tvak (Tvaggatam Shukram) by continuous erotic stimulation gets ejaculated. Sushruta compares the ejaculatory physiology with that of lactation since both are deeply associated with psychological factors in Nidana Sthana 10th chapter. Sushruta explains the physiology of ejaculation as a combined activity of vata which is heightened by the heat generated in the act of copulation as a result of the rubbing of female and male genital organs which dispels the shukra.  

From the different descriptions given regarding [[shukra]], its structure and functional identity can be understood in a broader sense. The term [[shukra]] represents androgens, semen and sperm itself according to the suitability of the contexts. In above context the seat of [[shukra]] has been told as whole body so it can be taken as hormone.  It has been clarified that semen exists in whole and it comes out after sexual arousal. The main object and mean of sexual arousal is tactile stimulation. [[Shukra]] pervades all over the body seated on the sparshanendriya (tactile sensorium). The mind  has inseparable union with tvak. According to Gangadhara the [[shukra]] present in the tvak (Tvaggatam Shukram) by continuous erotic stimulation gets ejaculated. Sushruta compares the ejaculatory physiology with that of lactation since both are deeply associated with psychological factors in Nidana Sthana 10th chapter. Sushruta explains the physiology of ejaculation as a combined activity of [[vata]] which is heightened by the heat generated in the act of copulation as a result of the rubbing of female and male genital organs which dispels the [[shukra]].  

There are various parameters for normal shukra. Beside physical parameters, the main criteria of normal shukra is that it should be able to procreate progeny.

There are various parameters for normal [[shukra]]. Beside physical parameters, the main criteria of normal [[shukra]] is that it should be able to procreate progeny.

=== Factors affecting virility ===

=== Factors affecting virility ===

=== Selected vajikarana herbs and formulations currently in use ===

=== Selected vajikarana herbs and formulations currently in use ===

Shatavari, Vidari, Jivanti, Twakshiri, Sita, Godhuma, Masha  are referred to have aphrodisiac properties in recent nighantu(glossaries of herbs).  This is due to their inherent properties similar to shukra.

Shatavari, Vidari, Jivanti, Twakshiri, Sita, Godhuma, Masha  are referred to have aphrodisiac properties in recent nighantu(glossaries of herbs).  This is due to their inherent properties similar to [[shukra]].

#Ikshu: Ikshu or sugarcane has aphrodisiac properties and when cow is fed with sugarcane stalks than the milk will be more beneficial and rich in its aphrodisiac qualities.

#Ikshu: Ikshu or sugarcane has aphrodisiac properties and when cow is fed with sugarcane stalks than the milk will be more beneficial and rich in its aphrodisiac qualities.

#Pippali: Pippali is said to be vrishya or drug having property to increase sperm. Pippali has above mentioned properties only when it is used in proper dose and for short time.  

#Pippali: Pippali is said to be vrishya or drug having property to increase sperm. Pippali has above mentioned properties only when it is used in proper dose and for short time.  

# Yashtimadhu: Madhuka is guru, madhura, snigdha in properties. So, by guna samanya it acts as good aphrodisiac. When given with ghee, honey and milk it forms good aphrodisiac formulation.

# Yashtimadhu: Madhuka is guru, madhura, snigdha in properties. So, by [[guna]] samanya it acts as good aphrodisiac. When given with ghee, honey and milk it forms good aphrodisiac formulation.

=== Researches on herbs ===  

=== Researches on herbs ===  

Extract of T. arjuna could be used as a natural antioxidant and enhancing the phytosterol content in clarified butter. Antioxidant supplementation drastically improves sperm count and sperm motility. <ref>Wirleitner B, Dietary supplementation of antioxidants improves semen quality of IVF patients in terms of motility, sperm count, and nuclear vacuolization,Int J Vitam Nutr Res.  2012 Dec;82(6):391-8</ref> Some tribal communities of Assam, India use Arjuna in cases of infertility as observed in an ethno-botanical survey. <ref>Deka j, Kalita J. C., Ethnobotanical important medicinal plants of Kamrup district, Assam, India, used in fertility treatment, International research journal of pharmacy, 2013, 4(3).</ref> Arjuna bark is widely used to decrease level of serum triglycerides and cholesterol, recover the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As an anti-ischemic agent, it relieves myocardial necrosis, modulates platelet aggregation. It is an effective antioxidant. <ref>Sumitra M, Manikandan P, Kumar DA, Arutselvan N, Balakrishna K, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R (2001). Experimental myocardial necrosis in rats: role of arjunolic acid on platelet aggregation, coagulation and antioxidant status. Mol. Cellular Biochem. 224: 135-142</ref> So, antioxidant properties of Arjuna can be used to increase virility of a person.

Extract of T. arjuna could be used as a natural antioxidant and enhancing the phytosterol content in clarified butter. Antioxidant supplementation drastically improves sperm count and sperm motility. <ref>Wirleitner B, Dietary supplementation of antioxidants improves semen quality of IVF patients in terms of motility, sperm count, and nuclear vacuolization,Int J Vitam Nutr Res.  2012 Dec;82(6):391-8</ref> Some tribal communities of Assam, India use Arjuna in cases of infertility as observed in an ethno-botanical survey. <ref>Deka j, Kalita J. C., Ethnobotanical important medicinal plants of Kamrup district, Assam, India, used in fertility treatment, International research journal of pharmacy, 2013, 4(3).</ref> Arjuna bark is widely used to decrease level of serum triglycerides and cholesterol, recover the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). As an anti-ischemic agent, it relieves myocardial necrosis, modulates platelet aggregation. It is an effective antioxidant. <ref>Sumitra M, Manikandan P, Kumar DA, Arutselvan N, Balakrishna K, Manohar BM, Puvanakrishnan R (2001). Experimental myocardial necrosis in rats: role of arjunolic acid on platelet aggregation, coagulation and antioxidant status. Mol. Cellular Biochem. 224: 135-142</ref> So, antioxidant properties of Arjuna can be used to increase virility of a person.

All five Gana (Shukrajanana, Jeevaniya, Brumhaniya, Balya and Kshira Samjanana) as mentioned  in fourth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] are used in vajikarana. The drugs mentioned in these Gana are mainly madhura, sheeta, mridu in nature and so by similarity in properties, they increase sperm quality. For example, meda is included in jeevaniya & shukrajanana gana; payasya in brumahaniya & balya; Jivanti in jeevaniya; shali & shashtika in stanyajanana. These drugs may act on higher center of the brain, i.e. the hypothalamus and limbic system. This may have anti-stress, adaptogenic actions, which helps to alleviate anxiety associated with sexual desire and performance. Administration of vajikarana rasayana viz. C. orchioides, A. longifolia and M. pruriens ethanolic extracts modulates the level of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. <ref>Chauhan NS, Saraf DK, Dixit VK. Effect of vajikaran rasayana herbs on pituitary–gonadal axis. Eur J Integr Med. 2010;2:89–91.</ref>

All five Gana (Shukrajanana, Jeevaniya, Brumhaniya, Balya and Kshira Samjanana) as mentioned  in fourth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] are used in vajikarana. The drugs mentioned in these Gana are mainly madhura, sheeta, mridu in nature and so by similarity in properties, they increase sperm quality. For example, meda is included in jeevaniya & shukrajanana gana; payasya in brumahaniya & balya; Jivanti in jeevaniya; shali & shashtika in stanyajanana. These drugs may act on higher center of the brain, i.e. the hypothalamus and limbic system. This may have anti-stress, adaptogenic actions, which helps to alleviate anxiety associated with sexual desire and performance. Administration of vajikarana [[rasayana]] viz. C. orchioides, A. longifolia and M. pruriens ethanolic extracts modulates the level of the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. <ref>Chauhan NS, Saraf DK, Dixit VK. Effect of vajikaran rasayana herbs on pituitary–gonadal axis. Eur J Integr Med. 2010;2:89–91.</ref>

=== Current vajikarana formulations ===  

=== Current vajikarana formulations ===