Changes

=== Salient features of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

=== Salient features of [[Kalpa Sthana]] ===

Charak detailed the Pharmacokinetics of drugs, dosage forms and weights and measures in this section. Drugs useful for ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' are discussed with their synonyms, varieties, pharmacological actions, and various modes of application in different dosage forms.  

Charak detailed the Pharmacokinetics of drugs, dosage forms and weights and measures in this section. Drugs useful for [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] are discussed with their synonyms, varieties, pharmacological actions, and various modes of application in different dosage forms.  

==== Factors responsible for therapeutic efficacy ====

==== Factors responsible for therapeutic efficacy ====

==== Pharmacokinetics of Drugs ====

==== Pharmacokinetics of Drugs ====

Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) [[dosha]] (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered [[dosha]] located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body.  Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of ''prithvi'' and ''jala mahabhutas'', and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

Drugs (used for emesis and purgation) which are ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (sharp), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''vyavayi'' (those pervading the entire body before getting digested) and ''vikasi'' (those causing looseness of joints), by virtue of their own potency, reach the heart and circulate through the vessels. Because of their ''agneya'' nature (predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]], or fire element), they liquefy the compact form of (adhered) [[dosha]] (morbid material), and because of their sharpness (''tikshna'' attribute) they separate the adhered [[dosha]] located in the gross and subtle channels of the entire body.  Like honey kept in the pot smeared with fat, the morbid material, after separation, moves floating without adhesion in the body which has been oleated (by the administration of oleation therapy). Because of its nature to move through subtle channels and to flow (towards the gastrointestinal tract), this morbid material reaches the stomach, and gets propelled by ''udana vayu''. Because of the predominance of [[agni mahabhuta]] and [[vayu mahabhuta]] in these (emetic) drugs, and because of their specific action to move upwards, the morbid material gets expelled through the upward tract (mouth). On the other hand, purgative drugs, because of the predominance of [[prithvi]] and [[jala mahabhuta]], and because of their specific action, (''prabhavajanya'') move downwards to expel the morbid material through the downward tract (anus). Combination of both these attributes result in the expulsion of the morbid material through both the upward and downward tracts.

==== Similarities/ Dissimilarities of ''virya'' ====

==== Similarities/ Dissimilarities of ''virya'' ====

==== ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) ====

==== ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) ====

[[Charak Samhita]] does not specify the liquid medium to be used in formulation of the medications. However, the use of certain liquids has been known through practice and other sources. In the process of ''snehakalpana'', for example, water has to be used invariably. ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) is categorized into three types i.e. ''mridupaka'' (mild boiling), ''madhayamapaka'' (moderate boiling) and ''kharapaka'' (full boiling). ''Sneha'' processed by ''kharapaka'' is indicated for massage purpose, ''mridupaka sneha'' is recommended to be used for ''nasya'' (inhalation) and moderately processed oil or ghee for internal use including for ''basti karma''.

[[Charak Samhita]] does not specify the liquid medium to be used in formulation of the medications. However, the use of certain liquids has been known through practice and other sources. In the process of ''snehakalpana'', for example, water has to be used invariably. ''Snehapaka'' (preparation of medicated oil or ghee) is categorized into three types i.e. ''mridupaka'' (mild boiling), ''madhayamapaka'' (moderate boiling) and ''kharapaka'' (full boiling). ''Sneha'' processed by ''kharapaka'' is indicated for massage purpose, ''mridupaka sneha'' is recommended to be used for [[nasya]] (inhalation) and moderately processed oil or ghee for internal use including for [[basti]] karma.

==== Purification of drugs ====

==== Purification of drugs ====

==== Sushruta's perspective of Kalpa sthana ====

==== Sushruta's perspective of Kalpa sthana ====

The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita  is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]] known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of ''vamana'' and virechana drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among vamana dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

The subject matter of Kalpasthana in Sushruta samhita  is entirely different and deals with one of the Ashtangas of [[Ayurveda]] known as Damshtrachikitsa (Toxicology). Sushruta furnished the details of [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] drugs in Sutra sthana (43 and 44th chapter). Among [[vamana]] dravyas madanaphala, jimutaka pushpa, kutaja phala, ikshvaku pushpa, kritavedhana beeja and dhamargava phala are enumerated. Sushruta identified best virechaneeya drugs based on part used like, trivrit among root purgatives and amongst bark, fruits, oil, juice and latex, the drugs namely tilvaka, haritaki, erandataila (Castor oil), karavellaka and snuhi are considered as best respectively. Trivrit, danti, dravanti, tilvaka, haritaki, chaturangula, erandataila, snuhiksheera, saptala, and shankhini are enumerated under virechaneeya drugs. There is not much difference among the drugs enumerated in Charak and Sushruta, but Sushruta included triphala, erandataila under virechana drugs.

Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.44 Virechanadravyavikalpaneeya Adhyaya verse 72-77. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>

Charak suggested root bark of tilvaka while Sushruta instructed to use bark of tilvaka. A purgative recipe is suggested for children, old people, delicate and patients suffering from dhatukshaya (weight loss/wasting condition) by Sushruta which includes erandataila (Castor oil) mixed with triphala kwatha and milk or meat soup. He also suggested chaturangula for children up to age 12. It appears that Sushruta suggested easily available purgatives.<ref>Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.44 Virechanadravyavikalpaneeya Adhyaya verse 72-77. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>