Changes

==== Genetic defects in parents====

==== Genetic defects in parents====

'''Abnormalities in gametes (beeja dosha)'''

'''Abnormalities in gametes (beeja dosha)'''

 

The concept of genetics is denoted with the terms ‘beeja’(seed or gametes), ‘beejabhaga’ (chromosomes) and beeja-bhagavayava (nucleic acids and genes). The maternal (matruja) and paternal (pitruja) factors are responsible for the formation of the embryo. When any part of these three genetic materials is abnormal, it leads to deformity or mal-formation of the organ or body part. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/17]  

The concept of genetics is denoted with the terms ‘beeja’(seed or gametes), ‘beejabhaga’ (chromosomes) and beeja-bhagavayava (nucleic acids and genes). The maternal (matruja) and paternal (pitruja) factors are responsible for the formation of the embryo. When any part of these three genetic materials is abnormal, it leads to deformity or mal-formation of the organ or body part. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/17]  

====Role of reproductive physiology ([[shukra dhatu]]) of parents====

====Role of reproductive physiology ([[shukra dhatu]]) of parents====

===Spiritual factors ===

===Spiritual factors ===

Sinful acts and atheistic attitude of parents [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/50-52], deeds of previous life ([[atma]] –karma dosha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/29] and unrighteousness(adharma) [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 3/36] can cause congenital disorders.  These factors are commonly considered as of ‘unknown origin’ in current medical practices.  

Sinful acts and atheistic attitude of parents [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/50-52], deeds of previous life ([[atma]] –karma dosha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/29] and unrighteousness(adharma) [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 3/36] can cause congenital disorders.  These factors are commonly considered as of ‘unknown origin’ in current medical practices.  

==Factors related to antenatal period==

==Factors related to antenatal period==

Improper antenatal care and poor nutrition during pregnancy can lead to deformity in the fetus. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/30] The six factors responsible for embryogenesis play an important role in the causation of congenital disorders. These include maternal (matruja), paternal (pitruja), spiritual ([[atma]]ja), psychological (sattvaja), adaptations ([[satmya]]ja) and nutritional component (rasaja). Minor defects in these factors can cause congenital abnormalities in the fetus. Major defects cause abortion or intrauterine death of the fetus. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/28-29]

Improper antenatal care and poor nutrition during pregnancy can lead to deformity in the fetus. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/30] The six factors responsible for embryogenesis play an important role in the causation of congenital disorders. These include maternal (matruja), paternal (pitruja), spiritual ([[atma]]ja), psychological (sattvaja), adaptations ([[satmya]]ja) and nutritional component (rasaja). Minor defects in these factors can cause congenital abnormalities in the fetus. Major defects cause abortion or intrauterine death of the fetus. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/28-29]

===Role of [[panchamahabhuta]]===

===Role of [[panchamahabhuta]]===

Various studies indicate that mental illness and neurocognitive decline are prevalent co-morbidities in the adolescent and adult population with congenital heart diseases (CHD).   

Various studies indicate that mental illness and neurocognitive decline are prevalent co-morbidities in the adolescent and adult population with congenital heart diseases (CHD).   

=== Environmental factors===   

=== Environmental factors===   

Environmental conditions can play a role in fetal development. A retrospective cohort study reported a significant positive association between soil cadmium and air pollution evaluated by air quality index (AQI) and level of screening serum TSH in congenital hypothyroidism patients. It is inferred that the interaction of genetic, autoimmune, familial, and environmental factors with each other could have influence on neonatal thyroid function.  

Environmental conditions can play a role in fetal development. A retrospective cohort study reported a significant positive association between soil cadmium and air pollution evaluated by air quality index (AQI) and level of screening serum TSH in congenital hypothyroidism patients. It is inferred that the interaction of genetic, autoimmune, familial, and environmental factors with each other could have an influence on neonatal thyroid function.  

==Factors related to intra partum period==

==Factors related to intra partum period==

Consequences of inappropriate bearing down efforts by the mother:

Consequences of inappropriate bearing down efforts by the mother:

If bearing down efforts are made in the absence of real labour pains, deafness, dumbness, dislocation of mandible, head and neck diseases, cough, dyspnoea, emaciation, and abnormal location of the body parts of the child are likely to occur. [ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/9]

If bearing down efforts are made in the absence of real labour pains, deafness, dumbness, dislocation of mandible, head and neck diseases, cough, dyspnoea, emaciation, and abnormal location of the body parts of the child are likely to occur. [ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/9]

 

==Classification of congenital disorders: ==

==Classification of congenital disorders: ==

The congenital disorders are classified in  two major categories. [ Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 24/5]

The congenital disorders are classified in  two major categories. [ Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 24/5]

1) Due to genetic defects (aadibalapravrutta):

1) Due to genetic defects (aadibalapravrutta):