Changes

==Literal meaning==

==Literal meaning==

In Sanskrit, ‘Prajnaparadha ’ is formed by the combination of two words, ‘prajna’ (intellect) and ‘aparadha’ (offense/fault/error). The Sanskrit word prajna is derived from the word root “jna” by adding the prefix-“pra” which denotes superior knowledge or intelligence. It means judgment, distinguishing capacity, discrimination etc.   

In Sanskrit, ‘Prajnaparadha ’ is formed by the combination of two words, ‘prajna’ (intellect) and ‘aparadha’ (offense/fault/error). The Sanskrit word prajna is derived from the word root “jna” by adding the prefix-“pra” which denotes superior knowledge or intelligence. It means judgment, distinguishing capacity, discrimination etc.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>  

The word aparadha is derived from adding the prefix “apa” (meaning badly) to the word root “radha” (meaning to accomplish). It means error, mistake, fault, sin, offense, crime etc.  Thus, the term 'Prajnaparadha ' means intellectual error. (SAT-J.49) This leads to indulgence in harmful activities and diseases. (SAT-C.76)

The word aparadha is derived from adding the prefix “apa” (meaning badly) to the word root “radha” (meaning to accomplish). It means error, mistake, fault, sin, offense, crime etc.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref> Thus, the term 'Prajnaparadha ' means intellectual error. (SAT-J.49) This leads to indulgence in harmful activities and diseases. (SAT-C.76)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>

==Definition and importance==

==Definition and importance==

'''Contemporary views:'''  

'''Contemporary views:'''  

According to contemporary views, cognitive distortions are negatively biased errors in thinking which increase the vulnerability to various mental disorders like depression.  

According to contemporary views, cognitive distortions are negatively biased errors in thinking which increase the vulnerability to various mental disorders like depression.<ref>Dozois, D. J. A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive schemas, beliefs and assumptions. In K. S. Dobson & D. J. A. Dozois (Eds.), Risk factors in depression (pp. 121-143).</ref>

These include the following

These include the following<ref>Rnic K, Dozois DJ, Martin RA. Cognitive Distortions, Humor Styles, and Depression. Eur J Psychol. 2016;12(3):348-362. Published 2016 Aug 19. doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1118</ref>

*mindreading (the process of assuming that all other people think negatively about myself)

*mindreading (the process of assuming that all other people think negatively about myself)

*Minimizing or disqualifying the positive (ignoring the positive events that have happened).

*Minimizing or disqualifying the positive (ignoring the positive events that have happened).

Cognitive errors may occur with different frequencies across social and achievement domains, particularly depending on the content of an individual’s core beliefs.  

Cognitive errors may occur with different frequencies across social and achievement domains, particularly depending on the content of an individual’s core beliefs.<ref>Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.</ref>

=== Three types of indulgence===

=== Three types of indulgence===

Misdiagnosis or mismanagement of disease can occur due to the intellectual error of a physician. This can lead to iatrogenic errors. To know the prognosis of a disease condition, signs of good and bad prognosis are observed. An ignorant physician may sometimes wrongly perceive some symptoms as fatal signs (arishta lakshana) and sometimes he may not even recognize the evident fatal signs (arishta lakshana) in the patient and act accordingly. All these are the result of intellectual errors. [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 2/6]

Misdiagnosis or mismanagement of disease can occur due to the intellectual error of a physician. This can lead to iatrogenic errors. To know the prognosis of a disease condition, signs of good and bad prognosis are observed. An ignorant physician may sometimes wrongly perceive some symptoms as fatal signs (arishta lakshana) and sometimes he may not even recognize the evident fatal signs (arishta lakshana) in the patient and act accordingly. All these are the result of intellectual errors. [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 2/6]

Cognitive errors are considered as one of the diagnostic errors which is an important concern regarding patient safety. They are mainly associated with failures in perception, failed heuristics, and biases. These are collectively known as cognitive dispositions to respond (CDRs).

Cognitive errors are considered as one of the diagnostic errors which is an important concern regarding patient safety. They are mainly associated with failures in perception, failed heuristics, and biases. These are collectively known as cognitive dispositions to respond (CDRs).<ref>Croskerry, Pat MD, PhD The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them, Academic Medicine: August 2003 - Volume 78 - Issue 8 - p 775-780</ref>

==Importance in management of disease ==

==Importance in management of disease ==

The practice of Yoga and meditation is helpful for maintaining the different domains of intellect in their proper functioning.

The practice of Yoga and meditation is helpful for maintaining the different domains of intellect in their proper functioning.

==Current researches==

==Current researches==

*In an observational study on 108 patients, it was found that the variety of external, occupational, social and familial factors play significant role in the pathology of premature ageing by disturbing the overall psychological status. The factors are influenced by intellectual errors (prajnaparadha). The link of mind-body relation with reference to contemporary concept of psycho-neuro endocrinology is established.  

*In an observational study on 108 patients, it was found that the variety of external, occupational, social and familial factors play significant role in the pathology of premature ageing by disturbing the overall psychological status. The factors are influenced by intellectual errors (prajnaparadha). The link of mind-body relation with reference to contemporary concept of psycho-neuro endocrinology is established. <ref>Deole YS, Thakar AB, Chandola H, Ravishankar B. Observational study on external social and lifestyle related factors and their role in pathogenesis of premature ageing and stress. AYU [serial online] 2012 [cited 2021 Mar 24];33:378-86. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2012/33/3/378/108828</ref> 

*In a research, cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation or death, and oxidative stress have been shown in murine models resembling cognitive impairment in humans. This leads to changes in behaviour, memory loss, inability for decision-making, and attention-related problems.  

*In a research, cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation or death, and oxidative stress have been shown in murine models resembling cognitive impairment in humans. This leads to changes in behaviour, memory loss, inability for decision-making, and attention-related problems.<ref>Tamara Cibrian-Llanderal, Montserrat Melgarejo-Gutierrez, Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar, Stress and Cognition: Psychological Basis and Support Resources, Blandina Bernal-Morales (Eds.), Health and Academic AchievementSeptember 2018, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72566</ref>

*Recent studies provide evidences showing the influence of yoga practices in improving cognitive functions.   

*Recent studies provide evidences showing the influence of yoga practices in improving cognitive functions.<ref>Brunner D, Abramovitch A, Etherton J. A yoga program for cognitive enhancement. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182366. Published 2017 Aug 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182366</ref>  

*A randomised clinical trial conducted in 30 patients of major depression showed additional improvement in cognitive functions in patients who practiced yoga and meditation in combination with conventional antidepressant medication. Additional improvement was observed in manipulation of information in the verbal working memory, attention span as well as visuo-motor speed of the depressives.  

*A randomised clinical trial conducted in 30 patients of major depression showed additional improvement in cognitive functions in patients who practiced yoga and meditation in combination with conventional antidepressant medication. Additional improvement was observed in manipulation of information in the verbal working memory, attention span as well as visuo-motor speed of the depressives.<ref>Sharma VK, Das S, Mondal S, Goswami U, Gandhi A. Effect of Sahaj Yoga on neuro-cognitive functions in patients suffering from major depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Oct-Dec;50(4):375-83. PMID: 17402267.</ref>

==Related Chapters==

==Related Chapters==

[[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]]

[[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]]