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'''Occult Blood Test'''

'''Occult Blood Test'''

This test checks for hidden (occult) blood in the feces which is not visible to naked eyes. It detects the subtle blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract, anywhere from the mouth to the colon. It is used in the diagnosis of various conditions starting from peptic ulcer to malignancy like colorectal cancer.  

This test checks for hidden (occult) blood in the feces which is not visible to naked eyes. It detects the subtle blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract, anywhere from the mouth to the colon. It is used in the diagnosis of various conditions starting from peptic ulcer to malignancy like colorectal cancer.<ref>Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018;67(8):1380-1399. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315909</ref>

'''Microbiological test'''

'''Microbiological test'''

It is used as diagnostic test to detect the excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea) indicating fat malabsorption conditions. The dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase in the duodenum, and absorbed in the jejenum of the small intestine.The free fatty acids enter circulation for metabolism and storage.Human feces normally contains very little undigested fat.

It is used as diagnostic test to detect the excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea) indicating fat malabsorption conditions. The dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase in the duodenum, and absorbed in the jejenum of the small intestine.The free fatty acids enter circulation for metabolism and storage.Human feces normally contains very little undigested fat.

Steatorrhea is observed in following conditions:   

Steatorrhea is observed in following conditions:<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_fat_test accessed on 29/12/2020</ref>  

*Disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes)

*Disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes)

==Current researches==

==Current researches==

*The faecal transplant, the transfer of faces or portions of the faecal matter from one organism into the gastrointestinal tract of another, is rapidly gaining attention as a treatment for human gut infections. Now a days, it is used as a general research tool for gain-of-function experiments in animal models.  

*The faecal transplant, the transfer of faces or portions of the faecal matter from one organism into the gastrointestinal tract of another, is rapidly gaining attention as a treatment for human gut infections. Now a days, it is used as a general research tool for gain-of-function experiments in animal models.<ref>Bojanova DP, Bordenstein SR. Fecal Transplants: What Is Being Transferred?. PLoS Biol. 2016;14(7):e1002503. Published 2016 Jul 12. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002503.</ref>

*It is evident through some animal models that the gut micro biome has the functional capacity to induce or relieve metabolic syndrome. Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy with abundant potential in the field of management of obesity and metabolic syndrome.  

*It is evident through some animal models that the gut micro biome has the functional capacity to induce or relieve metabolic syndrome. Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy with abundant potential in the field of management of obesity and metabolic syndrome.<ref>Zhang Z, Mocanu V, Cai C, et al. Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2291. Published 2019 Sep 25. doi:10.3390/nu11102291</ref>

*Recently, a research study has developed and validated a toilet paper–based fecal occult blood test for the use as a point-of-care test for the rapid (in 60 seconds) and easy testing of fecal occult blood which can be a promising tool for screening of colorectal cancer in public health domain.  

*Recently, a research study has developed and validated a toilet paper–based fecal occult blood test for the use as a point-of-care test for the rapid (in 60 seconds) and easy testing of fecal occult blood which can be a promising tool for screening of colorectal cancer in public health domain.<ref>Wang HY, Lin TW, Chiu SY, et al. Novel Toilet Paper-Based Point-Of-Care Test for the Rapid Detection of Fecal Occult Blood: Instrument Validation Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(8):e20261. Published 2020 Aug 7. doi:10.2196/20261.</ref>

==Related theses works==

==Related theses works==