Changes

Removal of blood in a controlled manner is effective in treating many diseases. Bloodletting influences the body physiology at multiple levels. Bloodletting results in leucocytosis and decreases the activity of heart and other body functions for a short duration. After that, the blood is formed by hyperleucocytosis; acceleration of tissue changes takes place and the nervous system also gets stimulated.<ref>Sarvesh KS, Kshipra R. Pachakarma parigyan A text book on panchakarma (principles and practices). Varanasi:Chaukhambha prakashak;2019.Chapter 10, Raktamokshana Karma;p.656.</ref> Increased levels of ferritin and body iron affect insulin resistance and may result in metabolic syndrome. This can be prevented by reducing its levels in the blood through bloodletting and thus can improve health.<ref name=SinghSK>Singh SK, Rajoria K, Medical leech therapy in Ayurveda and biomedicine e A review, J Ayurveda Integr Med, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.09.003</ref>

Removal of blood in a controlled manner is effective in treating many diseases. Bloodletting influences the body physiology at multiple levels. Bloodletting results in leucocytosis and decreases the activity of heart and other body functions for a short duration. After that, the blood is formed by hyperleucocytosis; acceleration of tissue changes takes place and the nervous system also gets stimulated.<ref>Sarvesh KS, Kshipra R. Pachakarma parigyan A text book on panchakarma (principles and practices). Varanasi:Chaukhambha prakashak;2019.Chapter 10, Raktamokshana Karma;p.656.</ref> Increased levels of ferritin and body iron affect insulin resistance and may result in metabolic syndrome. This can be prevented by reducing its levels in the blood through bloodletting and thus can improve health.<ref name=SinghSK>Singh SK, Rajoria K, Medical leech therapy in Ayurveda and biomedicine e A review, J Ayurveda Integr Med, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.09.003</ref>

A study on 15 patients of eczema, venesection (siravyadha) is found very effective in reducing burning sensation.<ref name=RavalHN>Raval HN, Thakar AB. Role of Raktamokshana by Jalaukavacharana and Siravedhana in the management of Vicharchika (Eczema). Ayu. 2012 Jan;33(1):68-72. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.100314. PMID: 23049187; PMCID: PMC3456867.</ref> It is also observed effective in reducing the pain, stiffness and heaviness in sciatica<ref name=Vineet>J Vineet Kumar, Tukram SD et al. A comparative clinical study of Siravedha and Agnikarma in management of Gridhrasi (sciatica). Ayu. 2014 Jul-Sep;35(3):270-6. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.153743.</ref> and lumbar spondylosis.<ref>F Joshi, V Mahanta et al. Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis). Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):79-88. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_142_16. Epub 2020 Mar 20.</ref> It may remove the obstruction (avarana) of [[pitta] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] leading to normal functions of [[vata dosha]].<ref name=Vineet/>

A study on 15 patients of eczema, venesection (siravyadha) is found very effective in reducing burning sensation.<ref name=RavalHN>Raval HN, Thakar AB. Role of Raktamokshana by Jalaukavacharana and Siravedhana in the management of Vicharchika (Eczema). Ayu. 2012 Jan;33(1):68-72. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.100314. PMID: 23049187; PMCID: PMC3456867.</ref> It is also observed effective in reducing the pain, stiffness and heaviness in sciatica<ref name=Vineet>J Vineet Kumar, Tukram SD et al. A comparative clinical study of Siravedha and Agnikarma in management of Gridhrasi (sciatica). Ayu. 2014 Jul-Sep;35(3):270-6. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.153743.</ref> and lumbar spondylosis.<ref>F Joshi, V Mahanta et al. Effect of Agnikarma (therapeutic heat burns) and Raktamokshana (therapeutic bloodletting) in the management of Kati Sandhigata Vata (lumbar spondylosis). Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):79-88. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_142_16. Epub 2020 Mar 20.</ref> It may remove the obstruction (avarana) of [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] leading to normal functions of [[vata dosha]].<ref name=Vineet/>

===Therapeutic phlebotomy===

===Therapeutic phlebotomy===

===Cupping therapy===

===Cupping therapy===

Through the cupping therapy, sub-atmospheric pressure suction is applied over a particular area which promotes peripheral blood circulation. It may also improve immunity. Altering the microenvironment through skin stimulation could transform into biological signals and may activate the neuroendocrine immune system. Some of the reported effects of cupping therapy are increasing pain threshold, improving local anaerobic metabolism, reducing inflammation, modulation of cellular immune system, promotion of skin’s blood flow and changing of biomechanical properties of skin.  The physiological and mechanical signals produced as a result of mechanical stress on skin and local anaerobic metabolism during cupping therapy may activate or inhibit gene expression. During wet cupping, the superficial scarifications also may activate the wound healing mechanism and gene expression.<ref>Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018 Jun;11(3):83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29436369.</ref>  

Through the cupping therapy, sub-atmospheric pressure suction is applied over a particular area which promotes peripheral blood circulation. It may also improve immunity. Altering the microenvironment through skin stimulation could transform into biological signals and may activate the neuroendocrine immune system. Some of the reported effects of cupping therapy are increasing pain threshold, improving local anaerobic metabolism, reducing inflammation, modulation of cellular immune system, promotion of skin’s blood flow and changing of biomechanical properties of skin.  The physiological and mechanical signals produced as a result of mechanical stress on skin and local anaerobic metabolism during cupping therapy may activate or inhibit gene expression. During wet cupping, the superficial scarifications also may activate the wound healing mechanism and gene expression.<ref>Aboushanab TS, AlSanad S. Cupping Therapy: An Overview from a Modern Medicine Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018 Jun;11(3):83-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.02.001. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29436369.</ref>

==List of theses done==

==List of theses done==