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===Diet and its quantity ===
===Diet and its quantity ===
The proper quantity and quality of diet is not uniform for all the individuals. It varies from person to person, because, it depends primarily on the digestive power of an individual which in turn is influenced by the strength of [[agni]]. The strength of [[agni]] varies according to age, sex, season etc. In the same person diurnal and seasonal variations occur. The diurnal variations are minimal, but seasonal variations are significant. So, it is described as seasonal diets and regimen in the next chapter named ''Tasyashitiyam'' ([[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]]). One can prevent diseases due to seasonal variations by adhering to the instructions given in this chapter.
The proper quantity and quality of diet is not uniform for all the individuals. It varies from person to person, because, it depends primarily on the digestive power of an individual which in turn is influenced by the strength of [[agni]]. The strength of [[agni]] varies according to age, sex, season etc. In the same person diurnal and seasonal variations occur. The diurnal variations are minimal, but seasonal variations are significant. So, it is described as seasonal diets and regimen in the next chapter [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]]). One can prevent diseases due to seasonal variations by adhering to the instructions given in this chapter.
=== Daily Regimen ===
=== Daily Regimen ===
In the morning, after evacuation of the bowels and cleaning, start with eye salve, [[nasya]](oil or medicated drops instillation in nose), teeth cleaning, tongue scraping, mouth fresheners such as clove, betel, jaiphala, cardamom etc., keeping oil in mouth for few minutes, shaving, massaging head, body and feet with oil, oil in ears, rubbing medicated powder on body before bathing, wearing clean clothes and ornaments (jewelry, etc.), shoes and using cane or umbrella before going out are recommended.
In the morning, after evacuation of the bowels and cleaning, start with eye salve, [[nasya]](oil or medicated drops instillation in nose), teeth cleaning, tongue scraping, mouth fresheners such as clove, betel, jaiphala, cardamom etc., keeping oil in mouth for few minutes, shaving, massaging head, body and feet with oil, oil in ears, rubbing medicated powder on body before bathing, wearing clean clothes and ornaments (jewelry, etc.), shoes and using cane or umbrella before going out are recommended.
It is concluded by saying that sukhayu (happy and healthy life) is achieved by taking care of the body just as a competent town administrator would take care of his city.
It is concluded by saying that ''sukhayu'' (happy and healthy [[life]]) is achieved by taking care of the body just as a competent town administrator would take care of his city.
=== Oral hygiene ===
=== Oral hygiene ===
==== Mouth wash (Kavala)====
==== Mouth wash (Kavala)====
Practicing of mouth wash (Kavala) with Kshiri Vriksha Hima as a daily regimen measure for oral hygiene. Because it was effective strength to the gingiva, teeth and other structures in the oral cavity.<ref>Rakesh Shukla, Vipul C Patil, Preeti Mishra. An observational study on the effect of kavala on mukha swasthya with special reference to kshiri vriksha hima. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, December 2013, 4(6):836-840</ref>
Mouth wash (kavala) with various medicated liquids is advised for strengthening of various sturctures in oral cavity. Practicing of mouth wash (Kavala) with cold affusion of latex of plants (Kshiri Vriksha Hima) as a daily regimen measure for oral hygiene. Because it was effective strength to the gingiva, teeth and other structures in the oral cavity.<ref>Rakesh Shukla, Vipul C Patil, Preeti Mishra. An observational study on the effect of kavala on mukha swasthya with special reference to kshiri vriksha hima. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, December 2013, 4(6):836-840</ref>
Mouth wash also provides relief from bad breath. In a study on patients of dental caries, it was observed that Triphaladi gandusha provided better results in discharge, bad breath, pH of saliva and buffering capacity of salivary sample. There was no improvement in cavity formation, discoloration and mobility .
<ref>Achyuta G Atara, R Manjusha, Vinay J Shukla, Dharmendra B Vaghela, Brijesh Rooparalia. Clinical evaluation of Krimidanta Pratishedha (anti-caries) activity of Triphaladi Gandusha in high risk dental caries patients. Ayu. 2014 Jan; 35(1):42-5</ref>
==== Pratimarsha [[nasya]] (daily nasal errhine) ====
Daily nasal administration (Pratimarsha nasya) of Anu taila, Yogic practices and Diet as daily regimen are effective in prevention of frequent attacks of Pratishyaya. <ref>Dr. Mangalagowri V Rao, Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Prof. S K Tiwari. Role of Pratimarsha Nasya, Yogic Practices and Diet in Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis), European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2015, 2 (6), 267-275</ref>
====[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ====
[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) provides reduction of pain, increased sense of relaxation, emotional well-being, and better sleep. A study was conducted on use of massage therapy on pain levels of patients admitted in medical, surgical, and obstetrics units at an acute care setting. Massage therapy sessions averaging 30 minutes improved pain scores and reduced the dose of pain medication and increased relaxation, emotional well-being, ability to sleep among patients.<ref>Adams R, White B, Beckett C. The effects of massage therapy on pain management in the acute care setting. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2010;3(1):4-11.</ref> Massage therapy also provides benefits in depression, pains, asthma, multiple sclerosis, dementia. A review study on effect of massage therapy showed beneficial effects in variety of conditions like prenatal depression, autism, skin diseases, painful conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders like asthma and multiple sclerosis, along with diseases like AIDS, HIV and breast cancer and age related issues like Parkinson's disease and dementia.<ref>Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:19-31.</ref>
===== Head massage =====
Head massage increases scalp hair thickness. In a study standardized scalp massage for 24 weeks, increased hair thickness (0.085 ± 0.003 mm vs 0.092 ± 0.001 mm). Increased expression of hair cycle–related genes such as NOGGIN, BMP4, SMAD4, and IL6ST and decrease in hair loss–related genes such as IL6 was observed in RTPCR (Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Stretching forces result in changes in gene expression in human dermal papilla cells. Standardized scalp massage produces mechanical stress to human dermal papilla cells present in subcutaneous tissue. Hence, increase in Hair thickness was observed when subjected to standardized scalp massage. <ref>Koyama T, Kobayashi K, Hama T, Murakami K, Ogawa R. Standardized Scalp Massage Results in Increased Hair Thickness by Inducing Stretching Forces to Dermal Papilla Cells in the Subcutaneous Tissue. Eplasty. 2016;16: e8.</ref>
Head massage treatment activates parasympathetic nerve activity. This leads to feeling of freshness and relief from anxiety. The results show that head massage treatment has a relaxing and refreshing effect. It can be used to provide comfort in patients. <ref>Murota M, Iwawaki Y, Uebaba K, et al. Physical and Psychological Effects of Head Treatment in the Supine Position Using Specialized Ayurveda-Based Techniques. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(7):526-532.</ref>
The head massage also promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. Self-Assessments of standardized scalp massages was done among subjects suffering from Androgenic Alopecia. The results showed that the massages by actions of pressing, pinching and stretching with the help of hands resulted in hair loss stabilization or regrowth among the subjects. But the improvements were less in condition of diffuse versus frontal/temporal or vertex thinning.<ref>Robert S English Jr, James M Barazesh . Self-Assessments of Standardized Scalp Massages for Androgenic Alopecia: Survey Results. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 9, 167–178 (2019).</ref>
===== Foot massage =====
Foot massage provides improvement in fatigue, sleep and pain and quality of life. The improvement in quality of life scale and psychiatric symptoms were observed (with p<0.05) among subjects after foot bath and massage. <ref>Kazuko Kito , Keiko Suzuki. Research on the Effect of the Foot Bath and Foot Massage on Residual Schizophrenia Patients, Arch Psychiatr Nurs . 2016 Jun;30(3):375-81.</ref> A meta-analysis based review study indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain. <ref>Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Dec;41(6):821-33.</ref> Using foot massage, by both nurses and family members can reduce the pain of patients in intensive care unit. This intervention may improve the nursing care quality with the least cost and complications.<ref>Momeni M, Arab M, Dehghan M, Ahmadinejad M. The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain of the Intensive Care Patients: A Parallel Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:3450853. Published 2020 Jun 13.</ref> Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.<ref>Nuriye Degirmen PhD, Nebahat Ozerdogan PhD, Deniz Sayiner PhD, Nedime Kosgeroglu PhD, Unal Ayranci MD. Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women Applied Nursing Research.23(3);2010:153-158.</ref>
===== Powder massage (Udvartana) =====
A comparative study between usage of tummy trimmer and Kolakulatthadi churna Udvartana for 30 days, showed better result in Udvartana group.<ref> Manjunath Akki, Suresh Hakkandi, Abid Hussaine. A comparative clinical study on the effect of Udvartana and tummy trimmer in Udara Lambanatva with special reference to central obesity. International Journal f Ayurveda and Pharma research, 7 (1) January 2019, Page 32-38</ref>
A case study showed intake of gruel preparation made from buttermilk (Takra-Siddha Yavagu ) and powder massage (Udvartana) is effective in the management of dyslipidemia for normalization of blood lipids. The effect is observed due to drying (shoshana) and alleviation of vitiated [[Kapha]] and [[Meda dhatu]] properties. <ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU 2018;39: Page: 72-75</ref>
===== Bath ([[snana]]) =====
Bath provides cleanliness of body and mind, relief from fatigue. In a study, significant improvement in SCORAD score, itching, and insomnia was observed (with p < 0.001) in children using weakly acidic syndets for daily bath during the summer season. <ref>Kim H, Ban J, Park MR, et al. Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pac Allergy. 2012;2(4):269-274.</ref> Mist sauna bathing in morning results in improvement of work efficiency when compared to other bathing methods. <ref>Lee S, Fujimura H, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Verification of impact of morning showering and mist sauna bathing on human physiological functions and work efficiency during the day. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59(9):1207-1212. doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0932-3</ref>
==== Important Cross references about diet and daily regimen (Dinacharya) ====
*Regarding quantity of food: The classification of amount of food in bolus irrespective of food article (Sarvagraha) and amount of each food item like rice, soup, meat soup etc. (Parigraha) is mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21 (4)]
*The features of intake of food in proper quantity are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/6]
*Improper quantity of food is classified into less (heena) and excessive (adhika), along with symptoms and diseases of depletion and aggravation of concerned [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/7].
*The eight factors to be considered during the food intake (Ashta Vidha Ahara Ayatana) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21-26] and four types of food based on consistency are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/15]
*The best and inferior quality food article based on property in different food groups are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]25/37-38]
*Properties of different food articles have been elaborated. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]25/37-38] 27].
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=== Research works ===
=== Research works ===
#A Study on Dinacharya in maintainance of health (PhD thesis), Ashok .Patil, Rajiv Gandhi Univerity of Health Sciences, Banglore -2015
# Ashok Patil (2015): A Study on Dinacharya in maintenance of health (PhD thesis), , Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.
#Role of Padabyanga in shishira ritu w.s.r to Padasphutana (PhD thesis), Rekha.BV, Rajiv Gandhi Univerity of Health Sciences , Banglore -2015
#Rekha B.V. (2015): Role of Padabyanga in shishira ritu w.s.r to Padasphutana (PhD thesis).Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.
#Evaluation of Khadiradi Kavala graham in promoting oral health among secondary and higher secondary school children , Ankush Jagota , Govt.[[Ayurveda]] College, Tripunithura , Kerala- 2012-2015
#Ankush Jagota (2015): Evaluation of Khadiradi Kavala graham in promoting oral health among secondary and higher secondary school children. Govt.[[Ayurveda]] College, Tripunithura, Kerala.
#“Efficacy of Malati Kastha Churna (Jasminum Officinale Linn.) for Dantadhavana” Shukla Rakesh Rajendraprasad, Bharateeya vidya peeth, Pune, 2014-2014
#Shukla Rakesh Rajendraprasad (2014): Efficacy of Malati Kastha Churna (Jasminum Officinale Linn.) for Dantadhavana. Bharati vidyapeeth, Pune.
#A Study on the effect of Anutaila Pratimarsha nasya along with Haritaki sirolepa in management of Drunaka , 2011-12, Keral University of Health Sciences , Kerala
# Anonymous(2012): A Study on the effect of Anutaila Pratimarsha nasya along with Haritaki sirolepa in management of Darunaka. Kerala University of Health Sciences , Kerala
#A Study on the effect of Vapyadi churna as tooth paste on Oral hygiene , 2011-12, Keral University of Health Sciences , Kerala
#Anonymous(2012): A Study on the effect of Vapyadi churna as tooth paste on Oral hygiene. Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala
# Mangalagowri V Rao (2013): Evaluation of Pratimarsha nasya, Yogic practices and selected diet in prevention of Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis)(Ph.D Thesis).Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
#Vineeta Singh (2019): Effect of Specific Diet, Yogic Practices and Ruksha Udvartana in Management of Obesity (Sthaulya).(MD Thesis).Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
#Trupti (?): Study to evaluate the effect of Anjana (In Myopia and healthy).(MD Thesis).Kerala University, Kerala.
=== Ayurvedic lifestyle package ===
# Ayurvedic lifestyle package for prevention of diseases is designed by expert committee of All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi in 2017. The guidelines can be found on the link of institute.
=== Related chapters ===
[[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]]
==References==
==References==