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Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya (view source)
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==References==
=== Observations of abnormal voice and relevant morbidities ===
Clinical observations in change of voice can be suggestive of probable underlying morbidities.<ref name="Mamidi P."/> These are summarized in the following table 4.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 4: Bad prognostic factor related to change in voice
|-
! Abnormal voice!! Relevant disease or pathology
|-
| | Hoarseness or raspyness like a sheep [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Due to structural changes of vocal cords (Acute or chronic laryngitis, Polyps etc);
|-
| | Feeble [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Aphonic palilalia; Hypophonia; Paresis of vocal cords; LMN (lower motor neuron) lesions;
|-
| | Subdued or Inaudible) [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Aphonia; Hypophonia; LMN (lower motor neuron) lesions; ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); MG (Myasthenia gravis); TIA (Transient ischemic attack) etc;
|-
| | Indistinct or Indistinguishable) [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Aphonia; Aphonic palilalia; Progressive supranuclear palsy; Bilateral upper brainstem lesions;
|-
| | Chocked or stammering [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Spastic or Spasmodic dysphonia; Dysarthria (bilateral cerebral lesions, cerebral glioma of parietal origin etc);
|-
| | Hoarse or rough [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Hyperkinetic dysarthria; Structural lesions and inflammatory conditions of larynx;
|-
| | Faint or painful [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Dysphasia; Dysphonia; Motor or Broca’s Aphasia; Inflammatory lesions of the pharynx and larynx; Neoplasms of larynx, pharynx, lungs, and thyroid; Lymphoma; Mediastinal metastases pressing laryngeal nerves; Unilateral vocal cord palsy (UVCP) etc;
|-
| | Stuttering or stammering [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] || Spastic paralysis; Dysarthria; Rigidity; Spasms of muscles of articulation;
|-
| | Other abnormal voices [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/15] || Migraine Aura; TIA; MG; ALS; LMN lesions; UVCP; Multiple sclerosis (MS); Epilepsy; Carcinomas of larynx, pharynx, lungs, and thyroid; Lymphoma; Mediastinal metastasis; Cancer cachexia etc;
|-
|}
=== Acknowledgement ===
The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.
== References ==
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