Changes

Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/10]

Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/10]

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/4] was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.  

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/4]<ref name=Susruta/> was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.  

*''Koshthanga'' as seen by Henry Gray in modern Anatomy: Henry Gray<ref> Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive & Applied, 29th edition ,1946, Longmans, green & company, London. </ref> father of modern anatomy has adopted a very special order of the distribution for the chapters. In the old edition, we can see that out of many chapters he has devised the presentation of chapters on functional systems like digestive, respiratory, urinary, re-productive and endocrine was different. He has clubbed these systems and put them in one basket and designated it splanchnology. This shows the Gray’s acceptance of Charaka’s idea on putting all visceral organs in one basket. Because this pattern has high amount of applied values this is why it got wide acceptance. [10]

*''Koshthanga'' as seen by Henry Gray in modern Anatomy: Henry Gray<ref> Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive & Applied, 29th edition ,1946, Longmans, green & company, London. </ref> father of modern anatomy has adopted a very special order of the distribution for the chapters. In the old edition, we can see that out of many chapters he has devised the presentation of chapters on functional systems like digestive, respiratory, urinary, re-productive and endocrine was different. He has clubbed these systems and put them in one basket and designated it splanchnology. This shows the Gray’s acceptance of Charaka’s idea on putting all visceral organs in one basket. Because this pattern has high amount of applied values this is why it got wide acceptance. [10]

*According to him ''pratyangas'' are ''mastaka'' (cranium), ''udar'' (abdomen), ''prashtha'' (back), ''nabhi'' (umbilicus), ''lalat'' (fore head), ''nasa'' (nose), ''chibuka'' (chin), ''basti'' (urinary bladder) and ''greeva'' (neck) each one in number. ''Karna'' (ear), ''netra'' (eye), ''bhru'' (eye brow), ''shankha'' (temporal), ''amsa'' (shoulder), ''ganda'' (Cheek), ''kaksha'' (axilla), ''stana'' (breast), ''vrashana'' (scrotum), ''parshva'' (flank), ''sfig'' (gluteal region), ''janu'' (knee), ''bahu'' (upper arm) and ''uru'' (thigh) each two in number, ''anguli'' (fingers) 20 in number and ''srotasas'' (11 types). [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/3]<ref name=Susruta/> [11]

*According to him ''pratyangas'' are ''mastaka'' (cranium), ''udar'' (abdomen), ''prashtha'' (back), ''nabhi'' (umbilicus), ''lalat'' (fore head), ''nasa'' (nose), ''chibuka'' (chin), ''basti'' (urinary bladder) and ''greeva'' (neck) each one in number. ''Karna'' (ear), ''netra'' (eye), ''bhru'' (eye brow), ''shankha'' (temporal), ''amsa'' (shoulder), ''ganda'' (Cheek), ''kaksha'' (axilla), ''stana'' (breast), ''vrashana'' (scrotum), ''parshva'' (flank), ''sfig'' (gluteal region), ''janu'' (knee), ''bahu'' (upper arm) and ''uru'' (thigh) each two in number, ''anguli'' (fingers) 20 in number and ''srotasas'' (11 types). [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/3]<ref name=Susruta/> [11]

*The openings of the body which are presented by Charaka as major openings (''mahan chhidra''), same are referred by Sushruta designating as ''bahirmukha srotas''. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/10]<ref name=Susruta/> Sharangadhara<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,3rd edition 1983Choukhmba Orientalia, Varanasi,5/64. </ref> has presented 10 major openings by adding one opening (''bramha randhra'') in the cranium. (Sharangadhar Purvardha 5/64). In Bhagavad Geeta<ref> Shrimadbhagavat Geeta, 2005 editionGeeta Press Gorakhpur, 5/13 </ref> these ''bahirsrotasas'' are referred by the name of ''navadwara''. (GIta 5/13). [12]

*The openings of the body which are presented by Charaka as major openings (''mahan chhidra''), same are referred by Sushruta designating as ''bahirmukha srotas''. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/10]<ref name=Susruta/> Sharangadhara<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,Chap. 5, Kaladikakhyanam shariram, verse 64,  In: Parasuram Shasthri, Editor. Sharangadhara Samhita.3rd ed. Varanasi: Choukhamba Orientalia;1983. </ref> has presented 10 major openings by adding one opening (''bramha randhra'') in the cranium. (Sharangadhar Purvardha 5/64). In Bhagavad Geeta<ref> Shrimadbhagavat Geeta, 2005 edition Geeta Press Gorakhpur, 5/13 </ref> these ''bahirsrotasas'' are referred by the name of ''navadwara''. (GIta 5/13). [12]

*As presented by Charaka, ''pratyksha sharira'' is limited and accountable. Remaining is the anatomy which can be considered and described only by ''anumana'' and ''aptopadesha''. [13]

*As presented by Charaka, ''pratyksha sharira'' is limited and accountable. Remaining is the anatomy which can be considered and described only by ''anumana'' and ''aptopadesha''. [13]