Changes

*Auditory ossicles: Six bones (malleus, incus and stapes - three bones in each ear)

*Auditory ossicles: Six bones (malleus, incus and stapes - three bones in each ear)

Sushruta’s presentation on ''asthi sankhya'': Sushruta has presented the number of bones in the body on the basis of ''pratyaksha sharira'', and submitted that bones classified in five types (''kapal, ruchaka, taruna, valaya, nalaka''), and per him, these are 300 in number. Because teeth are considered ''ruchakasthi'' and cartilages are considered ''tarunasthi'', these are counted as bones<ref>Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/22 & 5/17.</ref>, and thus total up to 300 in number (Sushruta Sharira 5/17). On subdividing, these bones are 120 in the extremities (30 in each), 117 in the pelvis region, the sides, back and the chest,  and 63 in the region in and above the neck.

Sushruta’s presentation on ''asthi sankhya'': Sushruta has presented the number of bones in the body on the basis of ''pratyaksha sharira'', and submitted that bones classified in five types (''kapal, ruchaka, taruna, valaya, nalaka''), and per him, these are 300 in number. Because teeth are considered ''ruchakasthi'' and cartilages are considered ''tarunasthi'', these are counted as bones [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/22], and thus total up to 300 in number. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/17] On subdividing, these bones are 120 in the extremities (30 in each), 117 in the pelvis region, the sides, back and the chest,  and 63 in the region in and above the neck.

==== Major difference between Charaka and Sushruta on the topic of bones ====

==== Major difference between Charaka and Sushruta on the topic of bones ====

''Panchakarmendriya'' (motor systems) are the hands (''hasta''), feet (''pada''), anus (''payu''), penis (''upastha'') and tongue (''jihva''). Here, the question is whether these motor organs are formed by only a group of muscles dealing with a given function or by a group of muscles and their nerves or the group of muscles and their nerves and their controlling part of brain (motor cortex) because muscle itself cannot perform any function alone. The muscle only performs when the nerve supply is intact and the commanding system is properly functioning. When there is failure in performance it is from all the side as a composite failure. Moreover when there is paralysis of motor organs or of a part of the system, it may be due to disruption in the nervous system or degeneration of a nerve or of the motor tract including UMN or cortical neurons. Hence muscles alone cannot be considered responsible for ''karmendriya''. ''Karmendriya'' can only be the complete motor system comprising organs from motor cortex to the muscles. [7]

''Panchakarmendriya'' (motor systems) are the hands (''hasta''), feet (''pada''), anus (''payu''), penis (''upastha'') and tongue (''jihva''). Here, the question is whether these motor organs are formed by only a group of muscles dealing with a given function or by a group of muscles and their nerves or the group of muscles and their nerves and their controlling part of brain (motor cortex) because muscle itself cannot perform any function alone. The muscle only performs when the nerve supply is intact and the commanding system is properly functioning. When there is failure in performance it is from all the side as a composite failure. Moreover when there is paralysis of motor organs or of a part of the system, it may be due to disruption in the nervous system or degeneration of a nerve or of the motor tract including UMN or cortical neurons. Hence muscles alone cannot be considered responsible for ''karmendriya''. ''Karmendriya'' can only be the complete motor system comprising organs from motor cortex to the muscles. [7]

Sushruta mentions that ''hridaya'' is formed by the ''prasad bhag'' of ''kapha'' and ''shonita/rakta'' (mentioned in Amarkosh, where it is also referred to as ''hridaya'') and is the seat of ''pranavaha dhamani''. Inferior to it are ''pleeha'' (spleen) and ''phuphphus'' (lung) and to its right side are ''yakrit'' (liver) and ''kloma'' (pancreas). As reiterated on multiple occasions, the ''hridaya''  is the seat of chetana<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthana, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 4/30 </ref>. When it gets covered by ''tama'', the being goes into sleep (Sushruta Sharira 4/30).

Sushruta mentions that ''hridaya'' is formed by the ''prasad bhag'' of ''kapha'' and ''shonita/rakta'' (mentioned in Amarkosh, where it is also referred to as ''hridaya'') and is the seat of ''pranavaha dhamani''. Inferior to it are ''pleeha'' (spleen) and ''phuphphus'' (lung) and to its right side are ''yakrit'' (liver) and ''kloma'' (pancreas). As reiterated on multiple occasions, the ''hridaya''  is the seat of chetana. When it gets covered by ''tama'', the being goes into sleep. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 4/30]

In other places within the Amarkosh, the word ''hridaya'' has been used synonymously with mana<ref> 14.Amar singh, Namalinganushashanam Amar Koshah, 1940 edition, Oriental Book Agency, Poona. </ref>. However, the ''hridaya'' is not a proxy of ''mana''. The heart means ''harati raktam'', or ''hriyate raktam anen iti'',  i.e., from which blood is taken or given to the body. Arteries are called ''pranavaha'' (or carriers of life-force), because they deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart, the failure of which most certainly leads to death.

In other places within the Amarkosh, the word ''hridaya'' has been used synonymously with mana<ref> 14.Amar singh, Namalinganushashanam Amar Koshah, 1940 edition, Oriental Book Agency, Poona. </ref>. However, the ''hridaya'' is not a proxy of ''mana''. The heart means ''harati raktam'', or ''hriyate raktam anen iti'',  i.e., from which blood is taken or given to the body. Arteries are called ''pranavaha'' (or carriers of life-force), because they deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart, the failure of which most certainly leads to death.

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Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 7/10]

Chakrapani on ''koshthanga'': According to Chakrapani, ''kloma'' is the seat of thirst, ''basti'' is the seat of urine, ''uttarguda'' is where bowels are retained, through which bowels are evacuated is ''adharaguda'' and ''vapavahana'' (''tailvartika'') is the seat of ''meda''.[Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/10]

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/4</ref> was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.  

Sushruta on ''koshthanga'': Description of ''koshthanga'' is a topographical anatomy. Pattern of presenting topographical anatomy by Sushruta [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana5/4] was different than that of Charaka. He has firstly presented the ''pratyanga'' (subdivisions of the regions), then he has presented further components (''gananiya avayava'') of ''pratyangas''. Under ''gananiya'' he has considered the ''koshangas''. Under this he has used composite terms for specific group of organs like ''ashaya'' which includes 7 organs. Among visceral organs he has considered ''unduka'' (caecum) and ''fupfus'' (lungs) under ''gananiya avayava'', which are not given by Charaka.  

*''Koshthanga'' as seen by Henry Gray in modern Anatomy: Henry Gray<ref> Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive & Applied, 29th edition ,1946, Longmans, green & company, London. </ref> father of modern anatomy has adopted a very special order of the distribution for the chapters. In the old edition, we can see that out of many chapters he has devised the presentation of chapters on functional systems like digestive, respiratory, urinary, re-productive and endocrine was different. He has clubbed these systems and put them in one basket and designated it splanchnology. This shows the Gray’s acceptance of Charaka’s idea on putting all visceral organs in one basket. Because this pattern has high amount of applied values this is why it got wide acceptance. [10]

*''Koshthanga'' as seen by Henry Gray in modern Anatomy: Henry Gray<ref> Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive & Applied, 29th edition ,1946, Longmans, green & company, London. </ref> father of modern anatomy has adopted a very special order of the distribution for the chapters. In the old edition, we can see that out of many chapters he has devised the presentation of chapters on functional systems like digestive, respiratory, urinary, re-productive and endocrine was different. He has clubbed these systems and put them in one basket and designated it splanchnology. This shows the Gray’s acceptance of Charaka’s idea on putting all visceral organs in one basket. Because this pattern has high amount of applied values this is why it got wide acceptance. [10]

(Sushruta Sharira 5/3).  

(Sushruta Sharira 5/3).  

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*According to him ''pratyangas''<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/3. </ref> are ''mastaka'' (cranium), ''udar'' (abdomen), ''prashtha'' (back), ''nabhi'' (umbilicus), ''lalat'' (fore head), ''nasa'' (nose), ''chibuka'' (chin), ''basti'' (urinary bladder) and ''greeva'' (neck) each one in number. ''Karna'' (ear), ''netra'' (eye), ''bhru'' (eye brow), ''shankha'' (temporal), ''amsa'' (shoulder), ''ganda'' (Cheek), ''kaksha'' (axilla), ''stana'' (breast), ''vrashana'' (scrotum), ''parshva'' (flank), ''sfig'' (gluteal region), ''janu'' (knee), ''bahu'' (upper arm) and ''uru'' (thigh) each two in number, ''anguli'' (fingers) 20 in number and ''srotasas'' (11 types). [11]

*According to him ''pratyangas'' are ''mastaka'' (cranium), ''udar'' (abdomen), ''prashtha'' (back), ''nabhi'' (umbilicus), ''lalat'' (fore head), ''nasa'' (nose), ''chibuka'' (chin), ''basti'' (urinary bladder) and ''greeva'' (neck) each one in number. ''Karna'' (ear), ''netra'' (eye), ''bhru'' (eye brow), ''shankha'' (temporal), ''amsa'' (shoulder), ''ganda'' (Cheek), ''kaksha'' (axilla), ''stana'' (breast), ''vrashana'' (scrotum), ''parshva'' (flank), ''sfig'' (gluteal region), ''janu'' (knee), ''bahu'' (upper arm) and ''uru'' (thigh) each two in number, ''anguli'' (fingers) 20 in number and ''srotasas'' (11 types). [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/3] [11]

*The openings of the body which are presented by Charaka as major openings (''mahan chhidra''), same are referred by Sushruta<ref> Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/10 </ref> designating as ''bahirmukha srotas''. (Sushruta Sharira 5/10). Sharangadhara<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,3rd edition 1983Choukhmba Orientalia, Varanasi,5/64. </ref> has presented 10 major openings by adding one opening (''bramha randhra'') in the cranium. (Sharangadhar Purvardha 5/64). In Bhagavad Geeta<ref> Shrimadbhagavat Geeta, 2005 editionGeeta Press Gorakhpur, 5/13 </ref> these ''bahirsrotasas'' are referred by the name of ''navadwara''. (GIta 5/13). [12]

*The openings of the body which are presented by Charaka as major openings (''mahan chhidra''), same are referred by Sushruta designating as ''bahirmukha srotas''. [Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/10] Sharangadhara<ref> Parasuram Shasthri, Sharangadhara Samhita, Purva Khand,3rd edition 1983Choukhmba Orientalia, Varanasi,5/64. </ref> has presented 10 major openings by adding one opening (''bramha randhra'') in the cranium. (Sharangadhar Purvardha 5/64). In Bhagavad Geeta<ref> Shrimadbhagavat Geeta, 2005 editionGeeta Press Gorakhpur, 5/13 </ref> these ''bahirsrotasas'' are referred by the name of ''navadwara''. (GIta 5/13). [12]

*As presented by Charaka, ''pratyksha sharira'' is limited and accountable. Remaining is the anatomy which can be considered and described only by ''anumana'' and ''aptopadesha''. [13]

*As presented by Charaka, ''pratyksha sharira'' is limited and accountable. Remaining is the anatomy which can be considered and described only by ''anumana'' and ''aptopadesha''. [13]

[14]

[14]

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*In the old time under the prevailing Indian systems there were two types of scales for measuring the volume of liquids, i. e. ''Magadha mana''<ref> Bramhanand Tripathi, commentary on Charaka  Samhita, Sharir Sthan,  2004 edition, Choukhamba  Surbharati  Prakashan, Varanasi, 7/15. </ref> and ''Kalinga mana''.

*In the old time under the prevailing Indian systems there were two types of scales for measuring the volume of liquids, i. e. ''Magadha mana'' and ''Kalinga mana''. <ref>Bramhanand Tripathi, Charak. Sharira Sthana, Cha.5 Sharira sankhya sharira ver.15. In: Bramhanand Tripathi, Editor. Charak Samhita.1st ed. Varanasi: Choukhamba  Surbharati  Prakashan;2004.</ref>

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Magadha Mana Kalinga Mana

Magadha Mana Kalinga Mana