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Madanakalpa Adhyaya (view source)

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tatra deshe sAdhAraNe jA~ggale vA yathAkAlaM shishirAtapapavanasalilasevite same shucau pradakShiNodake shmashAna-caitya-devayajanAgAra-sabhA-shvabhrArAma-valmIkoSharavirahite kusharohiShAstIrNe snigdhakRuShNamadhuramRuttike suvarNavarNamadhuramRuttike vAmRudAvaphAlakRuShTe~anupahate~anyairbalavattarairdrumairauShadhAni jAtAni prashasyante||9||

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Medicinal plants grown in medium or arid zones, nourished timely with cold, sun (heat), air and water, even, clean, with facilities of water, except cremation ground, sacred place, temple, meeting place, ditch, orchard, ant-hills and barren land, covered with ''kusha'' and ''rohisha'' plants, having unctuous, black, sweet or golden sweet soil, soft, unploughed,and unaffected by other stronger plants are recommended (for us). [9]

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=== Method of Collection of Medicinal Plants ===

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tatra yAni kAlajAtAnyupAgatasampUrNapramANa-rasavIrya-gandhAni [1] kAlAtapAgnisalilapavanajantubhiranupahatagandha-varNa-rasa-sparsha-prabhAvANipratyagrANyudIcyAM dishi sthitAni; teShAM shAkhApalAshamaciraprarUDhaM varShAvasantayorgrAhyaM, grIShme mUlAni shishire vA shIrNaprarUDhaparNAnAM,sharadi tvakkandakShIrANi, hemante sArANi, yathartu puShpaphalamiti; ma~ggalAcAraH kalyANavRuttaH shuciH shuklavAsAH sampUjya devatA ashvinaugobrAhmaNAMshca kRutopavAsaH prA~gmukha uda~gmukho vA gRuhNIyAt||10||

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Of all medicinal plants, those that are grown in time (proper season), grow mature with taste, potency and smell; have smell, color, taste, touch and efficacy unaffected by time, sun, fire, water, air and organisms, are fresh and situated in northern direction (should be collected). Their branches and leaves should be collected in rainy seasons and when those plants are fully matured; bark, tubers and latex should be collected in autumn; heartwood in early winter and flowers and fruits according to their season. These should be collected by one with auspicious behavior, benevolent conduct, cleanliness and white dress after worshiping, observing fast and facing toward east or north. [10]

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=== Method of Storage ===

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gRuhItvA cAnurUpaguNavadbhAjanasthAnyAgAreShU [1] prAgudagdvAreShu nivAtapravAtaikadesheShu nityapuShpopahArabalikarmavatsu, agni-salilopasveda-dhUma-rajo-mUShaka-catuShpadAmanabhigamanIyAni svavacchannAni shikyeShvAsajya sthApayet||11||

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After collecting the plant extracts, they should be kept in suitable containers and stored in rooms facing eastward or northward, devoid of wind but well ventilated , and daily ritualized with offering of flower and other things, holding them up in a swing of rope well-covered and making them unapproachable for fire, water, humidity, smoke, dust, rats and quadrupeds. [11]

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=== Administration per ''Dosha'' Dominance ===

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taM vistareNa dravya-deha-doSha-sAtmyAdIni [3] pravibhajya vyAkhyAsyAmaH||12||

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These (drugs) should be administered according to the relevant ''dosha'', with an appropriate vehicle/medium such as wine, ''Sauviraka, Tusodaka, Maireya, Medaka,'' ''Dhanyamla, Phalamla,'' sour curd, etc. in ''vata''; grapes, ''Amalaka'', honey, ''Madhuka, Parusaka, Phanita,'' milk etc. in ''pitta'' and in ''kapha'' impregnated with or dissolved in honey, urine and decoction etc. This is in a nutshell. This will be explained further in details according to drugs, body, morbidity, suitability etc. [12]

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=== [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya#Vidhi Vimarsha|Administration of Madanaphala]] ===

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tAsAM ghRutadadhimadhupalalavimRuditAnAM punaH shuShkANAM navaM kalashaM supramRuShTavAlukamarajaskamAkaNThaM pUrayitvA svavacchannaMsvanuguptaM shikyeShvAsajya [5] samyak sthApayet||13||

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Of all the emetic drugs, ''Madana'' fruits are regarded as the best ones because they are free from complications. These should be collected during the period of transition between spring and summer in ''Pusya, Aswini'' or ''Mrigasiras'' constellation and ''Maitra Muhurta''. Those which are ripe, undamaged, non-green, of pale color, free organisms, under-composed, uneaten by animals, not too small (immature) should be taken. Having been washed, wrapped within ''Kusa'' grass and pasted with fresh cow-dung they should be stored for eight days in the heap of one of the following-barley husk, black gram, ''Sali'' rice, horse gram and green gram. Thereafter when they are softened and develop good honey-like aroma they should be taken out and dried (in the sun). When they are well-dried, their pepper-like seeds should be mixed gently with ghee, curd, honey and sesamum paste and again dried. Finally they should be filled up in a new earthen pitcher, well-cleaned and dustless, up to neck and placed well on a swing of rope well-covered and well-protected. [13]

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Of all the emetic drugs, ''Madana'' fruits are regarded as the best ones because they are free from complications. These should be collected during the period of transition between spring and summer in ''Pusya, Aswini'' or ''Mrigasiras'' constellation and ''Maitra Muhurta''. Those which are ripe, undamaged, non-green, of pale color, free organisms, under-composed, uneaten by animals, not too small (immature) should be taken. Having been washed, wrapped within ''Kusa'' grass and pasted with fresh cow-dung they should be stored for eight days in the heap of one of the following-barley husk, black gram, ''Sali'' rice, horse gram and green gram. Thereafter when they are softened and develop good honey-like aroma they should be taken out and dried (in the sun). When they are well-dried, their pepper-like seeds should be mixed gently with ghee, curd, honey and sesamum paste and again dried. Finally they should be filled up in a new earthen pitcher, well-cleaned and dustless, up to neck and placed well on a swing of rope well-covered and well-protected. [13] </div>

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In all emetic formulations, honey and rock salt should be added for liquefying ''kapha'' (mucus). There is no adverse reaction of honey to heat when added to an emetic formulation as it returns back without digestion and helps in the elimination of impurity. [15]

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=== Various Pharmaceutical Preparations of ''Madanaphala'' ===

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phalapippalInAM dvau dvau bhAgau kovidArAdikaShAyeNa triHsaptakRutvaH srAvayet, tena rasena tRutIyaM bhAgaM piShTvA mAtrAMharItakIbhirbibhItakairAmalairvA tulyAM vartayet, tAsAmekAM dve vA pUrvoktAnAM kaShAyANAmanyatamasyA~jjalimAtreNa vimRudyabalavacchleShmaprasekagranthijvarodarAruciShu pAyayediti samAnaM pUrveNa ||16||

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Two parts of the seeds of ''Madanphala'' should be washed with the decoction of ''Kovidara'' etc. twenty one times. With this liquid the third part of the same (seeds) should be pounded and made into doses equal to (the fruits) of ''Haritaki, Bibhitaka'' or ''Amalaka''. Of them one or two doses after having been impregnated with one of the above decoctions in quantity of 160 ml. should be administered in cases of severe salivation, glands, fever, ''Udara'' and anorexia. Other things as above. [16]

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phalapippalIkShIraM, tena vA kShIrayavAgUmadhobhAge raktapitte hRuddAhe ca; tajjasya vA dadhna uttarakaM kaphaccharditamakaprasekeShu [1] ; tasya vApayasaH shItasya santAnikA~jjaliM pitte prakupite uraHkaNThahRudaye ca tanukaphopadigdhe, iti samAnaM pUrveNa||17||

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Milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and gruel prepared with this milk are given in cases of downward internal haemorrhage and burning sensation in cardiac region.

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The supernatant fatty layer of the above milk when cold is given in the dose of 160 gm. in vitiation of ''pitta'' in chest, throat and cardiac region along with coating of thin ''kapha''. Other things as above. [17]

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phalapippalIshRutakShIrAnnavanItamutpannaM phalAdikalkakaShAyasiddhaM kaphAbhibhUtAgniM vishuShyaddehaM [1] ca mAtrayA pAyayediti samAnaMpUrveNa||18||

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Butter formed from the milk boiled with ''Madanaphala'' seeds and processed with the paste and the decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be administered in proper dose to the patients whose ''agni'' is subdued by ''kapha'' and body is being dried up. Other things are as above. [18]

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phalapippalInAM phalAdikaShAyeNa triHsaptakRutvaH suparibhAvitena puShparajaHprakAshena cUrNena sarasi sa~jjAtaM [1] bRuhatsaroruhaMsAyAhne~avacUrNayet, tadrAtrivyuShitaM prabhAte punaravacUrNitamuddhRutya haridrAkRusarakShIrayavAgUnAmanyatamaMsaindhavaguDaphANitayuktamAkaNThaM pItavantamAghrApayet sukumAramutkliShTapittakaphamauShadhadveShiNamiti samAnaM pUrveNa||19||

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Pollen- like powder of ''Madanaphala'' seeds made after impregnating it twenty one times with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' etc. should be cast on a big lotus flower in evening. In the next morning the flower should be plucked and then powdered with the drug . It should be given for inhalation to the patient who is delicate and averse to drugs and has excited ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' after he has taken meal of ''Haridrakrsara'' or ''Ksira-Yavagu'' (gruel prepared with milk) added with rock salt, jaggery and treacle till satiation. Other things are as above. [19]

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phalapippalInAM bhallAtakavidhiparisrutaM [1] svarasaM paktvA phANitIbhUtamAtantulIbhAvAllehayet; AtapashuShkaM vA cUrNIkRutaM jImUtakAdikaShAyeNa pittekaphasthAnagate pAyayediti samAnaM pUrveNa||20||

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The extract of ''Madanaphala'' seeds prepared per the Bhallataka method should be heated till it becomes thready and treacle-like.

The powder of the seeds dried in the sun should be given with decoction of ''Jimuta'' etc. in (condition of) ''pitta'' located in the seat of ''kapha''. Other things as above. [20]

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phalapippalIcUrNAni pUrvavat phalAdInAM [1] ShaNNAmanyatamakaShAyasrutAni vartikriyAH phalAdikaShAyopasarjanAH [2] peyA iti samAnaM pUrveNa||21||

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The powder of the ''Madanaphala'' can be made into Vartti (caplets) by impregnating it with a decoction of one of the six ''Phaladi'' (''Madana'' etc.) drugs and taken with the above decoction. Other things are as above. [21]

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phalapippalInAmAragvadha [1] -vRukShaka-svAdukaNTaka-pAThA-pATalA-shAr~ggeShTA-mUrvA-saptaparNa-naktamAla-picumarda-paTola-suShavI-guDUcI-somavalka-dvIpikAnAM pippalI-pippalImUla-hastipippalI-citraka-shRu~ggaverANAM cAnyatamakaShAyeNa siddho leha iti samAnaM pUrveNa||22||

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Linctus is prepared of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with the decoction of one of the following drugs – ''Aragvadha, Kutaja, Vikankata, Patha, Patala, Sarngesta, Murva, Saptaparana, Naktamala, Nimba, Patola, Susavi, Guduci, Somavalka, Dvipika, Pippali, Pippalimula, Gajapippali, Chitraka'' and ''Sunthi''. This is an effective preparation. Other things are as above. [22]

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phalapippalIShvelA-hareNukA-shatapuShpA-kustumburu-tagara-kuShTha-tvak-coraka-marubakAguru-guggulvelavAluka-shrIveShTaka-paripelava-mAMsI-shaileyaka-sthauNeyaka-sarala-pArAvatapadyashokarohiNInAM viMshateranyatamasya kaShAyeNa sAdhitotkArikA utkArikAkalpena, modakA vA modakakalpena,yathAdoSharogabhakti prayojyA iti samAnaM pUrveNa||23||

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Preparations of ''Utkarika'' (a semisolid preparation) or ''Modaka'' (balls) may be made of ''Madanaphala'' seeds with one of the following twenty drugs – ''Ela, Harenuka, Satapuspa, Kustumburu, Tagara, Kustha, Twak, Coraka, Marubaka, Aguru, Guggulu, Elavaluka, Srivestaka, Paripelava, Mamsi, Salicyaka, Sthauneyaka, Sarala, Paravatapdi'' and ''Asokarohini''. These should be used according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Other things are as above. [23]

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phalapippalIsvarasakaShAyaparibhAvitAni tilashAlitaNDulapiShTAni tatkaShAyopasarjanAni shaShkulIkalpena vA shaShkulyaH, pUpakalpena vA pUpAH iti samAnaMpUrveNa||24||

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''Saskuli'' or ''Pupa'' (dietary preparations) may be made of sesamum and Sali rice flour impregnated with decoction of ''Madanaphala'' seeds and be taken with the same decoction. Other things are as above. [24]

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etenaiva ca kalpena sumukha-surasa-kuTheraka-kANDIra-kAlamAlaka-parNAsaka-kShavaka-phaNijjhaka-gRu~jjana-kAsamarda-bhRu~ggarAjAnAM poTekShuvAlikA-kAla~gkataka-daNDairakANAM cAnyatamasya kaShAyeNa kArayet||25||

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The above preparation may also be made with the decoction of any one of the following drugs – ''Sumukha, Surasa, Kutheraka Kandira, Kalamalaka, Parnasaka, Ksavaka, Phanijjhaka, Ganjana, Kasamarda, Bhrngaraja, Pota, Iksuvalika, Kalankataka'' and ''Dandairaka''. [25]

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tathA badaraShADava-rAga-leha-modakotkArikA-tarpaNa-pAnaka-mAMsarasa-yUSha-madyAnAM [1] madanaphalAnyanyatamenopasRujya yathAdoSharogabhaktidadyAt; taiH sAdhu vamatIti||26||

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Besides, ''Madanaphala'' should be administered combining it with preparations such as ''Badarasadava, Raga, Leha, Modaka, Utkarika, Tarpana, Panaka,'' meat soup, vegetable soup and wine according to ''dosha'', disease and inclination. Thus the patient vomits well. [26]

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=== Synonyms of ''Madanaphala'' ===

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Now the summing up verses –

Nine formulations in decoctions, eight in ''Matra'' (like ''Haritaki'' fruit etc.) five in milk and ghee, two in ''Phanita'' and ''Churna'', one in inhalation, six in caplets, twenty each in ''Leha, Modaka'' and ''Utkarika'', sixteen each in ''Saskuli'' and ''Pupa'' and ten others in ''Sadava'' etc. Thus total 133 formulations are described by the great sage in the chapter on pharmaceuticals of ''Madanaphala''. [28 – 30]

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== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)==

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*The impurities in upper part of body can be removed through mouth by ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis).

*The impurities in lower part of body can be removed through rectum by ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation).

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*The timely grown, naturally matured, unaffected by environment and organisms are the best drug for collection.

*Effect of drugs vary depending upon habitat, collection, storage of herbs. The biological effect depends upon patients' ''deha'' (physique), ''Doshas'', ''prakriti'' (constitution), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Bala'' (strength), ''Agni'' (power of digestion and metabolism), ''Bhakti'' (liking of particular type of recipe), 'Satmya'' (wholesomeness).

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== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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=== Recent researches on action of herbs ===

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*''Vamana'' is believed to be controlled by two distinct brain centers - the vomiting center(tractus soitorius and the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone both located in the Medulla Oblongata. The CTZ is close to the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood brain barrier and communicates with the vomiting centre to initiate ''vamana''. The CTZ being outside the blood-brain barrier, and can therefore be stimulated by blood-borne drugs that can stimulate vomiting, or inhibit it.

*''Vamana'' stimuli act at several anatomic sites.

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Another study on vasantika vamana concluded that average quantity of Madanaphala, Ksheera, Yastimadhu Phanta and Lavanodaka can be 5.81 g, 1130.29 ml, 3202.9 and 2489.13 ml respectively. The study also depicted that laingiki and antiki criteria seem to be the better criteria for the assessment of Vamana.<ref>Bhatted S, Shukla V D, Thakar A, Bhatt N N. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2019 Feb 20];32:181-6. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/2/181/92562</ref>

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== References ==

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