Changes

Sushruta’s presentation on ''asthi sankhya'': Sushruta has presented the number of bones in the body on the basis of ''pratyaksha sharira'', and submitted that bones classified in five types (''kapal, ruchaka, taruna, valaya, nalaka''), and per him, these are 300 in number. Because teeth are considered ''ruchakasthi'' and cartilages are considered ''tarunasthi'', these are counted as bones<ref>Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/22 & 5/17.</ref>, and thus total up to 300 in number (Sushruta Sharira 5/17). On subdividing, these bones are 120 in the extremities (30 in each), 117 in the pelvis region, the sides, back and the chest,  and 63 in the region in and above the neck.

Sushruta’s presentation on ''asthi sankhya'': Sushruta has presented the number of bones in the body on the basis of ''pratyaksha sharira'', and submitted that bones classified in five types (''kapal, ruchaka, taruna, valaya, nalaka''), and per him, these are 300 in number. Because teeth are considered ''ruchakasthi'' and cartilages are considered ''tarunasthi'', these are counted as bones<ref>Ghanekar, Sushruta Samhita, Sharira Sthan, 2012 edition, Meharchand Laxmandas Publications, New Delhi, 5/22 & 5/17.</ref>, and thus total up to 300 in number (Sushruta Sharira 5/17). On subdividing, these bones are 120 in the extremities (30 in each), 117 in the pelvis region, the sides, back and the chest,  and 63 in the region in and above the neck.

=== Major difference between Charaka and Sushruta on the topic of bones ===

==== Major difference between Charaka and Sushruta on the topic of bones ====

   

   

#Charaka was a ''vedavadi'' whereas Sushruta was not, he was a ''shalya shastri'' (surgeon), and hence Charaka has not given any classification of bones, while Sushruta has.

#Charaka was a ''vedavadi'' whereas Sushruta was not, he was a ''shalya shastri'' (surgeon), and hence Charaka has not given any classification of bones, while Sushruta has.

Gananath Sen<ref> Gananathsen, Pratyaksha Shariram,1st part1941 edition, Kalpataru Press Calcutta, 3rd chapter </ref>, a reputable contemporary authority in the subject of ''sharira'', has submitted some exclusive opinions. Other than the observations on Charaka being a ''vedavadi'', or the inclusion of teeth nails as bones, etc., he points to certain conditions arising because of ossification centers in the bones. According to him, the presence of secondary ossification centers (epiphysis) may increase the number of bones in counting. [6]

Gananath Sen<ref> Gananathsen, Pratyaksha Shariram,1st part1941 edition, Kalpataru Press Calcutta, 3rd chapter </ref>, a reputable contemporary authority in the subject of ''sharira'', has submitted some exclusive opinions. Other than the observations on Charaka being a ''vedavadi'', or the inclusion of teeth nails as bones, etc., he points to certain conditions arising because of ossification centers in the bones. According to him, the presence of secondary ossification centers (epiphysis) may increase the number of bones in counting. [6]

Reviewing ''indriya'' requires the review of materials quoted under [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] under [[Sutra Sthana]]. Under this chapter, Charaka has presented ''pancha panchaka vigyana''<ref> Bramhanand Tripathi, commentary on Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthan, 2004 edition,  Choukhamba  Surbharati  Prakashan, Varanasi, 8</ref> and said that there are five ''indriya'', five ''indriya dravya'', five ''indriyaadhishthana'', five ''indriyartha'' and  five ''indriyabuddhi''.(Charaka Sutra 8/3)

 

Reviewing ''indriya'' requires the review of materials quoted under [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] under [[Sutra Sthana]]. Under this chapter, Charaka has presented ''pancha panchaka vigyana''<ref> Bramhanand Tripathi, commentary on Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthan, 2004 edition,  Choukhamba  Surbharati  Prakashan, Varanasi, 8</ref> and said that there are five ''indriya'', five ''indriya dravya'', five ''indriyaadhishthana'', five ''indriyartha'' and  five ''indriyabuddhi''.[ Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 8/3]

After an exhaustive modern review, it can be said that ''panchendriya'' are such types of receptor cells which are located at the most peripheral end part of sensory pathway and function to transform the various specific type of energies into electrical energy, since brain cells know only one type of language/energy i.e. electricity. Therefore, every other type of energy is transformed into electricity and this is done by a frontline transforming cell. In every type of sensory organ, there are specific types of energy transforming cells, e.g. pressure sensitive nerve endings in pacinian corpuscle for touch, taste sensitive nerve endings in taste buds for taste, smell sensitive nerve endings in gustatory cells for smell, light sensitive nerve endings in rods and cones for vision and sound sensitive nerve endings in hair cells for hearing. In this account these cells could be considered ''indriya''. Sensory receptors<ref> Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition, saunders, Philadelphia, page no. 560- 569. </ref> could be classified in the following two ways i.e. (a) On the basis of the location of the receptor, and (b) on the basis of the modality of energies. Under the first category, there are three types, i.e. extero-receptors, intero-receptors and proprio-receptors, and under the second category there are several types of receptors, e.g. mechano-receptors, thermo-receptors, vibro-receptors, baro-receptors, proprio-receptors, photo-receptors, chemo-receptors, osmo-receptors, noscireceptors, tickle-receptors etc.)

After an exhaustive modern review, it can be said that ''panchendriya'' are such types of receptor cells which are located at the most peripheral end part of sensory pathway and function to transform the various specific type of energies into electrical energy, since brain cells know only one type of language/energy i.e. electricity. Therefore, every other type of energy is transformed into electricity and this is done by a frontline transforming cell. In every type of sensory organ, there are specific types of energy transforming cells, e.g. pressure sensitive nerve endings in pacinian corpuscle for touch, taste sensitive nerve endings in taste buds for taste, smell sensitive nerve endings in gustatory cells for smell, light sensitive nerve endings in rods and cones for vision and sound sensitive nerve endings in hair cells for hearing. In this account these cells could be considered ''indriya''. Sensory receptors<ref> Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th edition, saunders, Philadelphia, page no. 560- 569. </ref> could be classified in the following two ways i.e. (a) On the basis of the location of the receptor, and (b) on the basis of the modality of energies. Under the first category, there are three types, i.e. extero-receptors, intero-receptors and proprio-receptors, and under the second category there are several types of receptors, e.g. mechano-receptors, thermo-receptors, vibro-receptors, baro-receptors, proprio-receptors, photo-receptors, chemo-receptors, osmo-receptors, noscireceptors, tickle-receptors etc.)

''Panchendriyadravyani'' are ''panchamahabhutas'', i.e. kha (akasha), vayu, jyoti (agni), apa (jala) and bhu (prithvi). On the account of panchamahabhuta, there could be 26 biologically important elements<ref> Tortora Gerard J, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 11th edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1st chapter.</ref> (Tortora Gerard J., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology)  

''Panchendriyadravyani'' are ''[[panchamahabhuta]]'', i.e. kha [[akasha]], [[vayu]], jyoti ([[agni]]), apa ([[jala]]) and bhu ([[prithvi]]). On the account of panchamahabhuta, there could be 26 biologically important elements<ref> Tortora Gerard J, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 11th edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1st chapter.</ref> (Tortora Gerard J., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology)  

These elements are H, O, N, C, Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl, S, I, Fl, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Se, Si, Vn, Sn,Zn, Mo, Mn, Al & B. As these elements are critical to the formation of life and are found in the animal cell, have some role in the development and function of the cell.

These elements are H, O, N, C, Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl, S, I, Fl, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Se, Si, Vn, Sn,Zn, Mo, Mn, Al & B. As these elements are critical to the formation of life and are found in the animal cell, have some role in the development and function of the cell.